Titanium surface preparation

Surface preparation of the dental implant prior to implantation wiH have an effect on corrosion behavior, initial metal ion release, and interface tissue response (316). The titanium and titanium aHoy dental implants in present use have many forms to assist bone ingrowth attachment including cylinders with holes, screw threaded surfaces, porous surfaces, and other types of roughened surfaces. Methods used to produce porous surfaces iaclude arc plasma... 

Despite the progress outlined in this chapter, much work remains to be done in the metal surface preparation arena. For example, there is still no ideal surface preparation method that does for steel what anodization processes do for aluminum and titanium. The plasma spray process looks encouraging but because it is slow for large areas and requires rather expensive robot controlled plasma spray equipment, its use will probably be limited to some rather special applications. For more general use, the sol-gel process has potential if future studies confirm recently reported results. 

The Ti02 (001) surface was cleaned and reduced by cycles of ion bombardment as previously described [3]. The distribution of titanium oxidation states was determined from cxirve fitting the Ti(2p3/2) envelope in x-ray photoelectron spectra [3]. After surface preparation, reaction experiments were conducted in either the TPD or steady state mode. TPD experiments have been described [1]. XPS spectra were also obtained following a saturation exposure of the sample using the same procedure as that for the TPD experiments. After pump down, the crystal was placed under the Mg X-ray source and the Ti(2p), 0(ls), and C(ls) regions were scanned. For steady-state experiments a dosing needle was aligned perpendicular to the axis of the mass spectrometer. It was used to direct a steady beam of methylacetylene (Linde, 95%) at the crystal surface when the sample was placed at the aperture of the mass spectrometer. Steady state reaction experiments were... 

The introduction of enamel into the wastestream results in an increase in the concentration of metals, but these metals (antimony, titanium, zirconium, tin, cobalt, and manganese) are in solid form whereas the metals generated by surface preparation are normally in dissolved form. These solid metals increase the suspended solids concentration of the stream. Other metals that may be found in the enamel preparation and application wastestream in significant amounts include aluminum, copper, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc. Table 8.2 presents pollutant sampling data for the processes used in the porcelain enameling on steel industry. 

Surface Preparations of Titanium Alloys for Adhesive Bonding... 

Oxidative stability depends on the adherend surface as well as on the adhesive itself. Some metal adhesive interfaces are chemically capable of accelerating the rate of oxidation. For example, it has been found that nearly all types of structural adhesives exhibit better thermal stability when bonded to glass or aluminum than when bonded to stainless steel or titanium.12 For any given metal, the method of surface preparation can also determine oxide characteristics, and hence bond durability. Thus, the use of primers is common practice with high-temperature structural adhesives. 

Titanium is widely used in aerospace applications that require high strength-to-weight ratios at elevated temperatures. As a result, a number of different prebonding surface preparation processes have been developed for titanium. These generally follow the same sequence as for steel and other major industrial metal substrates degrease, acid-etch or alkaline-clean, rinse and dry, chemical surface treatment, rinse and dry, and finally prime or bond. Mechanical abrasion is generally not recommended for titanium surfaces. 

A proprietary alkaline cleaner, Prebond 700, appears to be satisfactory for a number of metal adherends including titanium and is recommended as a versatile one-step surface preparation process.48 A proprietary alkaline etch solution, Turco 5578, is available from... 

Two papers from R. Nesper and M. Weiiunann cover various approaches to the preparation of functional silicon-based non-oxidic ceramics, especially those consisting of the Si—B-C-N moieties which exhibit an extraordinary high-temperature stability. Chapter VI ends by describing carbosilane elastomers as promising membrane materials (N. N. Ushakov) and investigations into the Chemical Functionalization of Titanium Surfaces with 1-trichlorosilylalkanes. 

Kaluderovic, M.R., Schreckenbach, J.P., and Graf, H.-L. (2014) First titanium dental implants with white surfaces preparation and in vitro tests. Dental Mater. 30(7), 759-768. 

Wennerberg, A. (2007) Formation of calcium phosphates on titanium implants with four different bioactive surface preparations. An in vitro study. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 18 (10), 1945-1954. 

Macroporous titania films have been prepared on titanium surfaces [32] using PS spheres (0.5,16, and 50 pm in diameter) with TiOj particles (39 nm). A slurry of the mixed PS and Ti02 particles was spread on the titanium substrate and dried slowly (1 day). After heating to 450-950°C, titania with a disordered pore structure was obtained with a thickness of 1 to 0.1 mm on the titanium. 

---