Superposability

UTDefect is basically working in the frequency domain so pulse problems are solved by superposing a number of frequencies. In principal any frequency spectrum can be used (an experimental one, for instance). As the standard spectrum the following simple one is used... 

We have simulated in this section, signals superposed in time with a variable delay. The wave form is simulated with this relation ... 

The application possibility of various pickups types (superposed, communicating, special and others). 

An experimental teclmique that is usefiil for structure studies of biological macromolecules and other crystals with large unit cells uses neither the broad, white , spectrum characteristic of Lane methods nor a sharp, monocliromatic spectrum, but rather a spectral band with AX/X 20%. Because of its relation to the Lane method, this teclmique is called quasi-Laue. It was believed for many years diat the Lane method was not usefiil for structure studies because reflections of different orders would be superposed on the same point of a film or an image plate. It was realized recently, however, that, if there is a definite minimum wavelengdi in the spectral band, more than 80% of all reflections would contain only a single order. Quasi-Laue methods are now used with both neutrons and x-rays, particularly x-rays from synclirotron sources, which give an intense, white spectrum. 

In HMC the momenta are constantly being refreshed with the consequence that the accompanying dynamics will generate a spatial diffusion process superposed on the ini rtial dynamics, as in BGK or Smoluchowski dynamics. It is well known from the theory of barrier crossing that this added spatial... 

Charge carriers in a semiconductor are always in random thermal motion with an average thermal speed, given by the equipartion relation of classical thermodynamics as m v /2 = 3KT/2. As a result of this random thermal motion, carriers diffuse from regions of higher concentration. Applying an electric field superposes a drift of carriers on this random thermal motion. Carriers are accelerated by the electric field but lose momentum to collisions with impurities or phonons, ie, quantized lattice vibrations. This results in a drift speed, which is proportional to the electric field = p E where E is the electric field in volts per cm and is the electron s mobility in units of cm /Vs. 

The CDF can be controlled by controlling the period of conduction, in other words, the pulse widths (periodic time period, T remaining the same). Thus the a.c. output voltage in an IGBT inverter can be controlled with the help of modulation. The modulation in the inverter circuit is acliieved by superposing a cairier voltage waveform... 

A waveform containing harmonies may be considered to be a standard sinusoidal w-aveform superimposed with the other harmonic w aveforms. Figure 23,7 illustrates a standard sinusoidal w aveform, superposed with third and... 

Figure 1 The basis of comparative protein structure modeling. Comparative modeling is possible because evolution resulted in families of proteins, such as the flavodoxin family, modeled here, which share both similar sequences and 3D structures. In this illustration, the 3D structure of the flavodoxin sequence from C. crispus (target) can be modeled using other structures in the same family (templates). The tree shows the sequence similarity (percent sequence identity) and structural similarity (the percentage of the atoms that superpose within 3.8 A of each other and the RMS difference between them) among the members of the family.

Tom Blundell has answered these questions by superposing the Ca atoms of the two motifs within a domain with each other and by superposing the Ca atoms of the two domains with each other. As a rule of thumb, when two structures superpose with a mean deviation of less than 2 A they are considered structurally equivalent. For each pair of motifs Blundell found that 40 Ca atoms superpose with a mean distance of 1.4 A. These 40 Ca atoms within each motif are therefore structurally equivalent. Since each motif comprises only 43 or 44 amino acid residues in total, these comparisons show that the structures of the complete motifs are very similar. Not only are the individual motifs similar in stmcture, but they are also pairwise arranged into the two domains in a similar way since superposition of the two domains showed that about 80 Ca atoms of each domain were structurally equivalent. 

This structural similarity is also reflected in the amino acid sequences of the domains, which show 40% identity. They are thus clearly homologous to each other. The motif structures within the domains superpose equally well but their sequence homology is less, being around 30% between motifs 1 and 2 and 20 Xi between 3 and 4. This study, however, clearly shows that the topological description in terms of four Greek key motifs is also valid at the structural and amino acid sequence levels. 

Figure 4 Superposed EDS and WDS spectra from BaTi03. The EDS spectrum was obtained with a detector having 135-eV resolution, and shows the strongly overlapped Ba LCt -Ti Ka and Ba L i-Ti peaks. The WDS spectrum from the same material shows the peaks to be completely resolved.

Fig. 3.3. Stress-particle velocity characterizations of many materials have been documented. The explosive cross curves superposed on the materials responses provide approximate loading stress levels to be determined from the intersection of the explosive and material curves. For example, the detonation of TNT produces a pressure of 25 GPa in 2024 aluminum alloy.

In the case that SWCNTs were produced by laser ablation with Co and Ni, a very weak and narrow signal was superposed on the main broad line. To confirm that this narrow line is associated with SWCNTs, the sample was vacuum-annealed at 1500°C to remove the remaining Co and Ni. 

Flow in the atmospheric boundary layer is turbulent. Turbulence may be described as a random motion superposed on the mean flow. Many aspects of turbulent dispersion are reasonably well-described by a simple model in which turbulence is viewed as a spectrum of eddies of an extended range of length and time scales (Lumley and Panofsky 1964). 

If separate blast sources are located close to one another, they may be initiated almost simultaneously. Coincidence of their blasts in the far field cannot be raled out, and their respective blasts should be superposed. The safe and most conservative approach to this issue is to assume a maximum initial blast strength of 10 and to sum the combustion energy from each source in question. Further definition of this important issue, for instance the determination of a minimum distance between potential blast sources so that their individual blasts may be considered separately, is a factor in present research. 

Instruments have been developed through which the smoke can be viewed and a shaded filter superposed on part of the image. By far the most common of these is the telesmoke. This device can be carried in the Inspector s pocket and most local authorities possess at least one of these. 

Hard anodic films, 50-100/rm thick, for resistance to abrasion and wear under conditions of slow-speed sliding, can be produced in sulphuric acid electrolytes at high current density and low temperature. Current densities range from 250 to 1 000 Am , with or without superposed alternating current in 20-100g/1 sulphuric acid at —4—I- 10°C. Under these conditions, special attention must be paid to the contact points to the article under treatment, in order to avoid local overheating. 

Sp = 1. Thus N(C) is the sum of the coefficients in the expression C. For a cycle index A we have, by definition, N(A) = 1, From what has been stated above, it follows that N(A B) will be the num- ber of superpositions of the two graphs. Moreover the "product" A B can be extended, by associativity, to any number of cycle indexes, and will again be the cycle index sum for the superpositions of many graphs. Hence if A- denotes, for brevity, the cycle index of the automorphism group of Tj -- our previous Z(C.) --then the number of superposed graphs is given by... 

---