Super Filtrol

Hydrazine hydrate Methyl D-pantothenate Super-filtrol... 

The first FCC catalysts, super filtrols, were produced by activating clays with acid. These materials... 

L. Casei Factor Stokstad, Hutchings, and Subba Row91 studied the isolation of this factor from liver. Liver extract containing 20,000 units of activity per gram was dissolved in water, adjusted to pH 8.5, heated to 80° C, and calcium chloride added to flocculate the precipitate that formed. The L. casei factor was adsorbed from the filtrate by activated carbon at pH 3.0. The carbon cake was washed with 60% ethanol to remove inert substances and then it was treated with 0.5 N ammonium hydroxide in 60% ethanol at 70° C to elute the active factor. The filtrate, adjusted to pH 1.3, was percolated through a column of Super Filtrol to adsorb the active factor, and the latter was subsequently eluted with 0.5 N ammonium hydroxide in 60% ethanol. 

Co-K/Kieselguhr Co-Th-Mg-Cu-Na/Kieselguhr Co-Th-Mg-AI-Na Co-Th-Mg-Na/Al2 03 Co-Th-Mg-Na/Super Filtrol Co-Th-Mg-Na/Kieselguhr Co-Th-Mg-Cu-Na/Silica gel... 

Al-isopropoxide, Al-tert-butoxide, Al-phenoxide, Al-cyclo-hexoxide Al-anilide (CHgCOO)gTl Al-silicate Anhydrous silicate Clay, Kaolin, Super-filtrol, Montmorillo-nite. Zeolite Pumice... 

Filtrol initially supplied Houdry with catalysts, and the first was "Super Filtrol". Soon after this, Filtrol made and supplied catalysts to Standard (New Jersey) for their FCC process and to Socony-Vacuum for the TCC process. Filtrol continued to supply catalyst for fixed-bed, FCC and TCC operations following WWII. 

The Jersey pilot plant was then modified by Kellogg with standpipes and a slide valve to demonstrate the new technology. This pilot plant was circulated with a Super Filtrol clay catalyst. Oil was introduced into this unit on July 17, 1941 which provided the process and engineering data for the design of the world s first FCC unit, PCLA 1 (Powdered Catalyst Louisiana, 1). 

The first products resulting from this unit were in line with expectations based on the 100 b/d pilot plant operations. The reactor feed had a 31.3 API gravity South Louisiana reduced crude including a slurry oil recycle (17 API) rate of 4% on feed. The reactor temperature was 910° F. with the cat to oil ratio of 3.5. A 53.5 vol% conversion was obtained with Super Filtrol natural clay catalyst. The regenerator operated at 1052° F., the spent catalyst containing 1.6 wt% carbon while the regenerated catalyst was reduced to 0.5 wt%. Flue gas excess oxygen was 4.4 wt%. The observed yields for PCLA 1 are recorded in Table II. 

Clay, Kaolin, Super-filtrol, Montmorillo-nite. Zeolite Pumice... 

Three different Bronsted acids were examined as to their ability to initiate m-DMB/m-DIPB copolymerizations. Trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) acid and Super Filtrol (clay impregnated with sulfuric acid) were found to be effective initiators. Sulfuric acid alone did not initiate copolymerizations. 

The two Bronsted acids used as initiators also produced copolymers of quite different structure from each other. Super Filtrol initiated copolymers contained moderate amounts of alternating copolymer indicating a larger (though still subordinate) contribution of path A as compared to path B with respect to Lewis acid coinitiated copolymerizations. Ion pair II displays comparable propensities to react through paths C and D in copolymerizations initiated with Super Filtrol as with BF30Et2. 

The structure of the counterion present in Super Filtrol initiated copolymerizations is unknown. However, the material consists of clay-bound sulfuric acid and presumably the counterion is sulfate bound to a silico-aluminate matrix. 

FCC Fluid bed Clay Super Filtrol Acid treated Powdered... 

The common catalysts lose most of their activity at the following temperatures Super Filtrol natural, 1400°F silica-alumina synthetic, 2000 F silica-magnesia, 1400°F and silica-boria, 1400°F. However, in practice, regeneration temperatures are kept below 1000 to 1100 or 1150°F except bauxite which may be regenerated at even 1300°F without appreciable loss in activity. All catalysts lose some activity upon long use. The decline is. particularly noticeable with natural catalyst processing sour stocks and even the excellent catalyst cases of the Houdry process allow some decline in activity over a period of a... 

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