Super absorbent polymer

Obana et alP reported a modified ethyl acetate extraction which used a super absorbent polymer instead of sodium sulfate to absorb water. Eollowing cleanup by carbon-based SPE and/or gel permeation chromatography (GPC), recoveries in excess of 70% were achieved for the majority of the 107 pesticides of interest in asparagus, orange, potato and strawberry. The super absorbent polymers are now being incorporated into ASE procedures. 

The class of hydrophilic and water-absorbent polymers are superabsorbent polymers (SAP). Super absorbent polymers are polymers that can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to its own mass. 

Super absorbent polymers. These cross-linked acrylic polymers are used in baby diapers. Copolymer versions are used in agriculture and other specialty absorbent applications. 

These cross-linked acrylic polymers are referred to as Super Absorbents and Water Crystals . The origins of super absorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the US Department of Agriculture developed the first super absorbent polymer material. This chemical is featured in the Maximum Absorbency Garment used by NASA. 

Acrolein and Acrylic Acid from Propylene for Super-Absorbent Polymers, Paints, and Fibres... 

The Japan Industry Standards (JIS). Testing Method for Water Absorption Capacity of Super Absorbent Polymers, K7223, 1996. 

Masuda, F. Properties of superabsorbent polymers. In Super absorbent Polymers Kyoritsu Shuppan Tokyo, 1988 51-80 (written in Japanese). 

PPG is an improved super absorbent polymer (SAP). SAPs are a unique group of materials that can absorb over a hundred times their weight in liquids, and they do not easily release the absorbed fluids under pressure. Super absorbent polymers are used primarily as an absorbent for water and aqueous... 

Biotechnology research is seeking to develop new foods, feeds, fiber, and biomass energy production processes that are environmentally safe. Researchers are developing new uses for agricultural products to replace non-renewable sources of raw materials. Their work promises to have broad commercial applications and has already led to the creation of new industries. These discoveries have led to environmentally compatible commercial products such as biodegradable plastics (60), soybean oil printing inks, and super absorbent polymers (67). 

Many other high volume consumer products make use of one or more core layers with absorbent properties. Among the most quickly and highly developed applications are baby diapers, which use super absorbent fibers. Super absorbent polymer (SAP) molecules can trap and hold hundreds to thousands of times their own weight in fluid, ultimately forming a gel. The super absorbent core layer in a diaper is between a non-woven cover stock, a one or two layer non-woven fluff/pulp sheet that takes up, distributes, and draws liquid into the core, and a microporous back sheet. In addition, elastomeric materials and waterproof elements are incorporated. The super absorbent core not only stores liquid but actively pulls moisture out of the damp or even wet fluff/ pulp, thus leaving the contact areas soft and dry. 

The general term for the materials that absorb water in diapers is super-absorbent polymers these same compounds are used to chill drinks and to make fire retardants and fake snow. Modern absorbing materials are typically sodium salts of polyacrylic acids, and these can become almost entirely water by weight and as much as 30-60% by volume. 

Qiang Wu, Qiang Zhang Baoyong Zhang 2012. Influence of super-absorbent polymer on the growth rate of gas hydrate. Safety Science, 50, 865-868. 

Some examples of products that are often dried on single pass/single-stage dryers include expanded, noncoated snacks, baked snacks (for final moisture removal after the oven), nuts, charcoal, some synthetic rubbers, super absorbent polymers, etc. 

The cross sections of the control sample (standard market sample which is the sandwich one) and die developed absorbent core (i.e. developed carded web sandwiched between two layers of nonwoven fabrics) are shown Figs. 2 and 3 respectively. The absorbent core of the controlled sample is a mixture of wood pulp and fte granules of super absorbent polymer (SAP). The developed absorbent core was then inserted within the polymeric cover stock (one side perforated sheet and other side impermeable sheet) of an available sample (market sample). Fig. 4 shows the cross sectional view of n ikin with developed sandwiched core. 

Yamaguchi M, Watomoto H, Sakamoto M (1987) Super-absorbent polymers from starch-polyacrylonitrile graft copolymers by acid hydrolysis befine sapmiification. Carbohydr Polym 7 71-82... 

Copolymers synthesized by a sodium persulfate-initiated free-radical solution polymerization of acrylamide and AMPS (at different pH values) as a new type of super-absorbent polymer have been studied in terms of swelling or viscosity behavior in water (168). 

That last measure merits more detailed description. Internal desiccation of concretes with low values of w/b ratio may be reduced by application of pre-soaked lightweight aggregate (LWA) grains or super-absorbent polymers (SAP) as water reservoirs. Such particles are dispersed in bulk concrete and water is used gradually for cement hydration, thus acting in a somewhat intelligent way. 

Super absorbent polymer microspheres is another example of nontoxic and non-biodegradable solid particle with a spherical shape that has been recently tested in Japan [52]. The particle size is precisely calibrated in 50-pm increments ranging from 53 to 350 pm and initial experience suggests that embolization with use of these particles leads to extensive tumor necrosis of large nodular HCC, sparing use of chemotherapeutic agents [52]. 

Adivarekar, R. V., Kanoongo, N. V., Sabale, A. G. (2007). Super absorbent polymers in textiles. Asian Textile Journal, 31—38. 

V. Mechtcherine and H.W. Reinhardt, eds.. Application of Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP) in Concrete Construction State-of-the-Art Report Prepared by Technical Committee 225-SAP, Springer, Dordrecht New York, 2012. 

S. Chevigny, S. Dong, A.-C. Couffin-Hoarau, I. Bolduc, M. Berrada, and C. Thibodeau, Polysaccharide-inorganic composite particles as performance additives for super-absorbent polymers, US Patent 8563466, assigned to Archer Daniels Midland Company (Decatur, IL), October 22, 2013. 

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