Sunshine

The reaction mechanisms by which the VOCs are oxidized are analogous to, but much more complex than, the CH oxidation mechanism. The fastest reacting species are the natural VOCs emitted from vegetation. However, natural VOCs also react rapidly with O, and whether they are a net source or sink is determined by the natural VOC to NO ratio and the sunlight intensity. At high VOC/NO ratios, there is insufficient NO2 formed to offset the O loss. However, when O reacts with the internally bonded olefinic compounds, carbonyls are formed and, the greater the sunshine, the better the chance the carbonyls will photolyze and produce OH which initiates the O.-forming chain reactions. 

Fig. 6. Comparison of xenon arc, sunshine carbon arc, and Miami average 45°S daylight, where (-) represents xenon with Type S high borate filters, 0.35...

W/m -nm at 340 nm ( ) represents sunshine carbon arc with Corex and (-) represents daylight. Courtesy of Adas Electric Devices Co. 

I. Sunshine, CRC Handbook of Spectrophotometric Data of Drugs, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1981. 

Vitamin D [1406-12-2] is a material that is formed ia the skin of animals upon kradiation by sunlight and serves as a precursor for metaboUtes that control the animal s calcium homeostasis and act ki other hormonal functions. A deficiency of vitamin D can cause rickets, as weU as other disease states. This tendency can be a problem wherever animals, including humans, especially kifants and children, receive an kiadequate amount of sunshine. The latter phenomenon became prevalent with the advent of the kidustrial revolution, and efforts to cute rickets resulted ki the development of commercial sources of vitamin D for supplementation of the diet of Hvestock, pets, and humans. 

Isolation and Structure Determination. The isolation and stmcture elucidation of vitamin D are closely related to the efforts to understand and cure tickets and related bone diseases. The advent of the use of soft coal, the migra tion of people to cities, and the tendency of people and animals to spend less time in sunshine caused a decline in the abiUty of populations to synthesize sufficient quantities of vitamin D. This led to the increased incidence of tickets, beginning around the mid-1600s (3). 

The Bunker Hill Co. (15) and ASARCO, Inc. (16) have developed processes for the leaching and electrowinning of antimony from tetrahedrite ores. As of 1991, only Sunshine Mining Co. was electrowinning antimony metal. 

Producers of primary metal and oxide in the United States are Amspec Chemical Corp., Anzon America, ASARCO Inc., Laurel Industries Inc., Sunshine Mining Co., and U.S. Antimony Corp. 

Ennis Sunshine, Tribology International, 26, 319 (1993) f DuPont corn herbicides f 50 im glass beads witb polymer binder... 

FIG. 20-75 Fluid-bed erosion or wear rate as a function of granule material properties. Kq is fracture toughness and H is hardness as measured hy three-point bend tests. [Ennis [Pg.1888]

Recently, at an international conference, during the afternoon off when we were all ambling in the sunshine, a young Algerian student asked me for a word of wisdom . What elderly scholar can resist such a dewy-eyed approach from youth So 1 reflected for a moment and then told him Remember that there is not really such... 

Avoid direct sunshine on containment surfaces in hot climates. Direct spills of flammable materials away from pressurized storage vessels to reduce the risk of a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). 

Federal Advisory Committee Act Pcder.il Water Pollution Control Act >Freedom of Information Act >Government in the Sunshine Act... 

Requirements on parameters that may influence the building and its performance and target levels to be determined for occupational zones and non-occupational zones are the following temperature, humidity, air velocity, contaminant concentration (particles, gases), odors, biocontamination (in air and on surfaces), fire/explosion risk, noise, vibrations, radiation (IR, UV, radioactive, etc.), sunshine, loading on floors, and pressure differences (in,side-outside and between rooms). 

The temperature limits inside a building are mostly within the variations of the temperature outside, and the heat resistance requirements on the building materials inside are the same as the requirements on materials used outside. There could be some additional requirements on outside materials depending on rain, snow, wind, sunshine, etc. When the temperatures inside, whether higher or lower than outside, will be used because of the process, the building materials must be chosen with these requirements taken into account, especially when heat radiation is a factor. This should not be confused with demands on temperature and humidity insulation. 

Sunshine Total Speciality Unisource India (India)... 

Sunshine Mining and Refining Company, 249 SuperGen Inc., 249 Superior Graphite Co., 249 SUPRACIDE , methidathion, 124 SUPRATHION , methidathion, 124 Surgutneftegas (OJSC), 197 Su-Vi Chemicals Ltd., 176... 

Turbulence is generated by wind shear in the surface layer and in the wake of obstacles and structures present on the earth s surface. Another powerful source of turbulent motion is an unstable temperature stratification in the atmosphere. The earth s surface, heated by sunshine, may generate buoyant motion of very large scale (thermals). 

If the wall in the example had sunlight shining on it, the heat absorbed on the outer surface of the wall would reduce the flow of heat from inside to outside (or could reverse it, in bright sunshine), even if the temperatures were the same. 

With most woods, new surfaces first of all darken when exposed to light, particularly with teak and afrormosia, where any masking of portions of the surfaces of furniture can give blemishes. After full colour development, strong sunshine bleaches most woods to a common brown colour. 

Colour change Caused by exposure to light, the effect is greatest with hardwoods and is important in furniture, panelling and joinery any masked areas become blemishes. Strong sunshine bleaches most woods to a common brown colour. 

Solar radiation may fall on outside walls or roofs, raising the skin temperature, and this must he taken into account. Most cold stores are huilt within an outer envelope which protects them from the elements and from direct sunshine. In cases where the insulation itself is subject to solar radiation, an allowance of 5 K higher outside temperature should he taken. Heat load must he estimated through all surfaces including piping, ducts, fan casings, tank walls, etc., where heat flows inwards towards the cooled system. 

Radiant heat is not a serious factor in commercial or industrial refrigeration systems, being confined to sunshine through refrigerated display windows (which should have blinds) and radiation into open shop display cabinets from lighting. (See also Chapter 26.)... 

The rate of heat conduction is further complicated by the effect of sunshine onto the outside. Solar radiation reaches the earth s surface at a maximum intensity of about 0.9 kW/ m. The amount of this absorbed by a plane surface will depend on the absorption coefficient and the angle at which the radiation strikes. The angle of the sun s rays to a surface (see Figure 26.1) is always changing, so this must be estimated on an hour-to-hour basis. Various methods of reaching an estimate of heat flow are used, and the sol-air temperature (see CIBSE Guide, A5) provides a simplification of the factors involved. This, also, is subject to time lag as the heat passes through the surface. 

Actually, neither vitamin D2 nor D3 is present in foods. Rather, foods contain the precursor molecules 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol. In the presence of sunlight, however, both precursors are converted under the skin to the active vitamins, hence the nickname for vitamin D, the "sunshine vitamin. 7... 

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