Summary and open questions

We would like to thank Y. Iwasa, M. Kosaka, K. Tanigaki, H. Tou, S. Hino, and Y. Maniwa for valuable discussions. We are also grateful for the permission to reproduce Figs 1 and 2. 

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In summary, these results demonstrate the involvement of NEU2 in the complex series of events leading to myoblast differentiation, although more information is needed in order to define the exact role played by this enzyme. For example, one important and open question is the identification of the possible subslrate(s) and product(s) of NEU2 in myofibers. 

In summary, the mismatch betvreen expectations based upon the early work of Feeny (1 ) and Rhoades ( ) and the accumulated evidence of work on live animals underlines our basic ignorance of detail in the digestive process. That animals tend to reject astringent food is not in doubt, but what they avoid by doing so is still something of an open question. 

In this context, some experimental results relevant to these open questions of enzymatic degradation will be presented and will be discussed from the viewpoint of cellulose chemistry, together with a summary of our recent work on thermohydrolysis and acid hydrolysis of cellulose, performed in connection with research on cellulose powder manufacture (7). After a short survey of the experimental techniques applied, this contribution will be centered on three problems (1) the interaction of chain degradation and cross-linking in thermal and thermo-hydrolytic treatments of cellulose, (2) the influence of mechanical strain... 

In summary, the future for molecular monolayers on silicon and related materials appears to be full of possibilities, both for fundamental scientific studies and practical applications. While much progress has been achieved, many open questions remain. We expect that this field will continue to be a vibrant one, continuing to illustrate some of the potential made possible by the convergence of surface science and organic chemistry. 

In summary, there is evidence that suggests that the activities of some stress-70 proteins may be modulated in vivo by protein phosphorylation or ADP-ribosylation. However, at this time, there is no case in which a modifying enzyme has been purified and demonstrated to modify a target stress-70 protein in vitro. Hence, the question of whether there is functionally significant posttranslational modification of stress-70 proteins remains an open question at this time. 

In summary, although there are open questions, the possible enhancement of SFG signals of CO on metal nanoparticles on dielectric substrates deserves further attention, and UHV experiments carried out with better controlled samples (particle morphology, cleanliness) are recommended. 

Shortly after the first oral contraceptives were introduced around 1959, the fact that some women noticed acute effects on the breast led to fears that the ultimate consequence might be induction of mammary disorders, particularly tumors the same concerns were raised about estrogen replacement therapy (125). The debate on this issue has now continued for more than 30 years and it is characterized by contradictions, discrepancies in scientific findings, qualified statements, and controversies and a massive output of data and opinions. The present review will necessarily be confined to some of the highlights of the discussion, presented in Table 1, leading up to a summary of the present situation and the questions that still remain open. 

Summary of the Central and Eastern European Area. Most of the existing cracker units in the area were built in the 1970s. There is a need for investments to maintain and update these facilities. The maintenance situation occurs for the olefins and plastics units is similar. Although there is some construction going on in the region, tremendously large investments are needed on top of the need to enhance the infrastructure. At this point, it is an open question whether adequate funds will be found. 

In summary, the approaches and concepts outlined in this work provide a powerful way to address different aspects of PT in proteins. Using the EVB and related approaches should allow one to resolve most of the open questions about PT and PTR in proteins. It also allows one to obtain a reliable structure function correlation in specific cases, and thus to convert qualitative concepts about proton transfer in biology to quantitative microscopic concepts. 

In summary, the measurement of ion-transfer kinetics has been a real experimental challenge. As the techniques have progressed, higher and higher rate constants have been measured. One central question is Why are the rate constants measured at micro- or nano-interfaces so much higher than those measured on macroscopic interfaces Perhaps, here, the cotransport of solvent molecules plays a role if the two phases are not equilibrated prior to the experiments. At a large ITIES, we may assume that the two solvents are fully mutually saturated and at equilibrium. The cotransport of water molecules with the ions has little effect on the solvent composition. In the case of nano-ITIES, the current densities are so high that it may be possible that the ion transfer may destroy the interface by emulsification. All in all, in 2009, ion-transfer kinetics remains an open question ... 

In summary, the question of the mechanism of formation of C3H3 + in flames is still open in fact, several of the reactions discussed may well occur simultaneously in some flames. Probably, past interpretations have been oversimplified, and it is now time to consider simultaneous contributions from various reactions. 

Detailed desaiptions are provided in publications by W. Haeder and E. Gartner (DIN), by lUPAP 1987 and by S. German, P. Draht (PTB). These should always be referred to if the present summary tailored to vacuum technology leaves any questions open. 

In summary, the photolysis of sec- and ter/-aromatic amines leads primarily to photoionization and phosphorescence from the triplet state, whereas chemical decomposition is either very slow or does not occur at all. The electronic state involved in the initial absorption act and the subsequent modes of formation of the amine cation and the triplet state are, however, open to question. 

But what does appropriate mean for scientific documentation Obviously, simple documentation is not enough there are additional requirements for a scientific notebook. Some companies sell preprinted paper notebooks, usually containing 100 to 150 pages, square grid or horizontal ruled, serially numbered in the upper outside corner, and bound at the left margin. Loose-leaf or spiral notebooks are not acceptable, because pages can be intentionally inserted or removed or accidentally ripped out. Any such action opens up the possibility that someone will question the authenticity of the data. Here is a summary of the most important laboratory notebook rules ... 

As of the turn of the millennium, then, there had been countless sightings of CH- - -X contacts in biological systems of all sorts. And inferences had been drawn that their presence must surely influence the geometries adopted by biomolecules. But a crudal question remained open just how much do such weak H-bonds actually contribute to the conformations of biomolecules in an energetic sense Knowledge had advanced to the point that a 2001 summary [77] concluded that CH- - -O bonds constitute as much as 1/4 of all H-bonds in certain proteins so can be expected to contribute significantly to the overall... 

Other aspects such as hand position, use of a noncompressible underlying surface, opening the airway, and ventilation volumes have been discussed and adapted over time but have remained less central to the survival question. In Table 18.1 a summary is presented showing the consistency of the values over time. 

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