Sulfonic acids from sulfones

Sulfonic acids from sulfonic acid amides... 

Potassium permanganate Sulfonic acids from sulfones... 

A naphthalene sulfonation product that is rich in the 2,6-isomer and low in sulfuric acid is formed by the reaction of naphthalene with excess sulfuric acid at 125°C and by passing the resultant solution through a continuous wiped-film evaporator at 245°C at 400 Pa (3 mm Hg) (26). The separation in high yield of 99% pure 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate, as its anilinium salt from a cmde sulfonation product, has been claimed (27). A process has been patented for the separation of 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid from its isomers by treatment with phenylenediarnine (28). 

Fig. 1. Sulfonated and sulfated acid products viscosities after 98% conversions at varying temperatures where the vertical line indicates the maximum temperature for batch sulfonation using SO to minimi2e color deterioration lines A—C represent branched C 2 alkyl ben2ene (BAB) sulfonic acid from SO, oleum (settied), and oleum (whole mixture), respectively lines D and E, lauryl alcohol 3-ethoxylate sulfuric ester (SO ) and lauryl alcohol sulfuric ester...

Acidic Hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of esters by use of water and a mineral acid leads to an equiUbrium mixture of ester, alcohol, and free carboxyHc acid. Complete reaction can only be achieved by removal of alcohol or acid from the equiUbrium. Because esters have poor solubiUty in water, the reaction rate in dilute acids is fairly low. Therefore, emulsifiers such as sulfonated oleic acid or sulfonated aromatic compounds (TwitcheU reagent) are added to facihtate the reaction. 

Sodium 2,2, 4-trihydroxyazobenzene-5 -sulfonate [3564-26-9] M 295.3. Purified by precipitating the free acid from aqueous solution using concentrated HCl, then washing and extracting with EtOH in a Soxhlet extractor. Evaporation of the EtOH left the purified acid. 

Pentafluorobenzene undergoes ring sulfonation with sulfur Uioxide to give pentafluorobenzenesulfonic acid, from which 2,3,5,6 tetrafluorobenzenedisulfonic acid can be obtained indirectly in excellent overall yield [21] (equation 10)... 

TABLE 4. Selected molecular parameters of methyl phenyl sulfone (from gas-phase electron diffraction) and p-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid (from X-ray crystallography)... 

Scheme 36. Elimination of sulfinic acid from 2-deoxy-2-C-p-tolylsulfonyl-/i-D-ara moHexopyranosyl p-tolyl sulfones promoted by silica.

Two general methods are applied for the recovery of sulfonic acids from sul-fonated oils and their sludge (1) the acids are removed selectively by adsorbents or by solvents (generally low-molecular-weight alcohols), and (2) the acids are obtained by salting out with organic salts or bases. 

Combinations of alkyl sulfonic acids from C5 to C8 were tested and the most efficient separations were achieved by running a gradient from 50 6 C6 plus 50 6 C7 to 100 6 C7. Use of the mobile phase compositions illustrated on Table I with the gradient shown on Figure has provided efficient separations for all of the toxins except C1 and C2. Small changes in mobile phase composition and/or gradient profile may be necessary to achieve the desired separations on any particular column or HPLC system. 

Substituted cyclopropyl rings conjugated with a triple bond system have recently received attention as C5 building blocks. The procedure described here is a modification of the decarboxylation-elimination reaction for the preparation of a.3 acetylenic acids from enol sulfonates of acyl malonates. Addition of aqueous alkali to the enol sulfonate of diethyl cyclopropyl carbonyl malonate gives cycl opropyl propiol ic acid, but the yield is 1 ow. 

Kennedy and Stock reported the first use of Oxone for many common oxidation reactions such as formation of benzoic acid from toluene and of benzaldehyde, of ben-zophenone from diphenyhnethane, of frawi-cyclohexanediol Ifom cyclohexene, of acetone from 2-propanol, of hydroquinone from phenol, of e-caprolactone from cyclohexanone, of pyrocatechol from salicylaldehyde, of p-dinitrosobenzene from p-phenylenediamine, of phenylacetic acid from 2-phenethylamine, of dodecylsulfonic acid from dodecyl mercaptan, of diphenyl sulfone from diphenyl sulfide, of triphenylphosphine oxide from triphenylphosphine, of iodoxy benzene from iodobenzene, of benzyl chloride from toluene using NaCl and Oxone and bromination of 2-octene using KBr and Oxone . Thus, they... 

Figure 3-6 Separation of amino acids by cation-exchange chromatography on a sulfonated polystyrene resin in the Na+ form by the method of Moore and Stein.110 The amino acids were detected by reaction with ninhydrin (Box 3-C) areas under the peaks are proportional to the amounts. Two buffers of successively higher pH are used to elute the amino acids from one column, while a still higher pH buffer is used to separate basic amino acids on a shorter column. From Robyt and White.13...

Sulfonation is the introduction of a sulfonic acid group (-S03H) into an organic compound as, for example, in the production of an aromatic sulfonic acid from the corresponding aromatic hydrocarbon. 

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