Sulfonated naphthalene effectiveness

Kaynak and coworkers [82,128] later reported on the effect of different dopant anions incorporated in the polypyrrole-coated textiles on the heat generation of these materials. The polypyrrole layer was deposited onto a polyester/Lycra fabric using the in situ polymerization approach and was doped with anthraquinone-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, or perchlorate. At an applied voltage of 24 V, the polypyrrole-coated fabrics, from all the four different dopant systems showed an increase in temperature with the anthraquinone-2-sulfonate-doped polypyrrole coating the most effective heat generator (AT 20°C) whereas the sodium perchlorate dopant system was the least effective (AT 3°C). The power density per unit area achieved in the anthraquinone-2-sulfonate-doped polypyrrole-coated fabric was 430 W/m, 200 W/m for naphthalene-2-sulfonate, 150 W/m for p-toluenesulfonate, and 55 W/m for perchlorate, respectively. 

Figure 11. Effect of sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde on viscosity of cement paste.

Salts of diazonium ions with certain arenesulfonate ions also have a relatively high stability in the solid state. They are also used for inhibiting the decomposition of diazonium ions in solution. The most recent experimental data (Roller and Zollinger, 1970 Kampar et al., 1977) point to the formation of molecular complexes of the diazonium ions with the arenesulfonates rather than to diazosulfonates (ArN2 —0S02Ar ) as previously thought. For a diazonium ion in acetic acid/water (4 1) solutions of naphthalene derivatives, the complex equilibrium constants are found to increase in the order naphthalene < 1-methylnaphthalene < naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid < 1-naphthylmethanesulfonic acid. The sequence reflects the combined effects of the electron donor properties of these compounds and the Coulomb attraction between the diazonium cation and the sulfonate anions (where present). Arenediazonium salt solutions are also stabilized by crown ethers (see Sec. 11.2). 

The SH signal directly scales as the square of the surface concentration of the optically active compounds, as deduced from Eqs. (3), (4), and (9). Hence, the SHG technique can be used as a determination of the surface coverage. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to obtain an absolute calibration of the SH intensity and therefore to determine the absolute number for the surface density of molecules at the interface. This determination also entails the separate measurement of the hyperpolarizability tensor jS,-, another difficult task because of local fields effects as the coverage increases [53]. However, with a proper normalization of the SH intensity with the one obtained at full monolayer coverage, the adsorption isotherm can still be extracted through the square root of the SH intensity. Such a procedure has been followed at the polarized water-DCE interface, for example, see Fig. 3 in the case of 2-( -octadecylamino)-naphthalene-6-sulfonate (ONS) [54]. The surface coverage 6 takes the form ... 

The material is produced from naphthalene by oleum or sulfur trioxide sulfonation under conditions conducive to the formation of the h sulfonate. Subsequent reaction with formaldehyde leads to polymerization and the sulfonic acid is neutralized with sodium hydroxide [17] or lime. The process is illustrated in Fig. 2.2. The value of n is typically low but conditions are chosen to get a proportion of higher-molecular-weight product as it is believed to be more effective [18]. The quantity of sodium sulfate by-product formed by the neutralization of excess sulfonating reagent will vary depending on the process used, but can be reduced by a subsequent precipitation process using lime [19]. 

Fig. 7.25 Effect of superplasticizer type (MFS and NFS melamine and naphthalene sulfonates) on flowing behavior.

The effect of the interaction between two types of SPs (naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonates-NFS and melamine formaldehyde sulfonate-MFS) and the VEA on the fluidity of mortar is seen in Fig. 7.46. In the case of NFS, the mortar flow decreases with increasing addition of the VEA. This result indicates an appreciable interaction between NFS and the VEA. On the other hand, the fluidity of the mortar containing the MFS does not change. Measured amounts of the SPs showed that there was good correlation between the amount of SP adsorbed and observed fluidity. 

For obvious reasons of structural analogy to heparinoids the focus of this review is on sulfated carbohydrate derivatives. While it is not in all cases clear that these compounds really mimic the physiological activity of heparinoids, it is even less so for non-carbohydrate sulfates or sulfonates. Examples of the latter class include suramin and the simple 1,3-propanediol disulfate. Suramin is a sulfonat-ed bis-naphthalene derivative used as a drug to treat African trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis (a filarial infection) it was also tested in a number of other indications including adrenocortical carcinomas and AIDS. A wider use is, however, restricted by various toxic effects [66]. 1,3-Propanediol disulfate reduced inflammation-associated amyloid progression in vivo after oral administration which may be relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer s disease [67]. 

Effects of other additives such as o-vanilline [411], Triton X-10, sodium methylene bis (naphthalene sulfonate). 

Quaternary ammonium salts and salts of alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid were some of the first compounds to be used effectively as fuel demulsifiers and dehazers. Today, a wide range of monomeric and polymeric demulsifiers and dehazers exist. 

The dye l-Anilino 8-Naphthalene Sulfonic acid (ANS) has high specificity for protein. It fluoresces only when bound to protein [30]. In smears and handsections (i.e. unembedded materials) we have never observed it to effect emulsion stability in the manner more traditional protein dyes such as Coomassie Brilliant Blue or Fast Green often do. This relative pH independence probably is due to the mode of action of this dye. It becomes fluorescent in hydrophobic pockets on protein molecules [30] in contrast to the ionic bonding necessary for Fast Green FCF and Coommassie Blue [22]. We have not observed a strong cross-reaction with lipids, either, although a fluorescence of different spectral characteristics sometimes is seen. 

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