Organic atoms

High-resolution observation of dynamics of bio-macromolecules in cells and bio-organisms atomic or molecular level, regional or focused observation, three-dimensional analysis ... 

The success in a simple model system encouraged Feldgus and Landis to study the fuller DUPHOS-based system for enantioselective hydrogenation (as defined in Fig. 31.9) [45]. ONIOM methods were required because of the level of complexity a core of the rhodium-complexed atoms was treated by DFT at B3LYP level, the core organic atoms at Hartree-Fock level, and the remainder by... 

There are two themes in this work (1) that all soil is complex and (2) that all soil contains water. The complexity of soil cannot be overemphasized. It contains inorganic and organic atoms, ions, and molecules in the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases. All these phases are both in quasi equilibrium with each other and are constantly changing. This means that the analysis of soil is subject to complex interferences that are not commonly encountered in standard analytical problems. The overlap of emission or absorption bands in spectroscopic analysis is but one example of the types of interferences likely to be encountered. 

Special bond organizations, atoms, or groups of atoms that give predictable characteristics to molecules are called functional groups. 

Polymers consist of very long, for the most part, C-based chains to which other organic atoms (for example C, H, N, Cl, F) and molecules are attached. The bonding within the chains is strong, directional, and covalent, while the bonding between chains is relatively weak. Thus, the properties of polymers as a class are dictated by the weaker bonds, and consequently they possess lower melting points, higher thermal expansion coefficients, and lower stiffnesses than most metals or ceramics. 

Atoms formed of more than two elementary substances (how many was only found in the organic elements or elements obtained by the organic matter destruction) called organic atoms. 

Berzelius published analyses of oxalic, tartaric, and citric acids in 1812. In 1813 he defined organic atoms as those composed of more than two elements (e.g. C, H, O). In inorganic compounds an atom of one element is never combined with more than 12 of another, but this rule is frequently broken in the case of organic atoms. To find the formula of oxalic acid he heated lead oxalate... 

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