Sugars VOLUME

Sugar Volume of solution (mL) Amount of concentrated sulfuric acid (drops) Amount of NaOH (drops)... 

Wine and Must Hydrometer. This instrument has three scales. One scale shows readings of 0° to 15° Brix for sugar (see Brix Hydrometer above) another scale from 0° to 15° Tralle is used for sweet wines to indicate the percentage of alcohol by volume and a third scale from 0° to 20° Tralle is used for tart wines to indicate the percentage of alcohol by volume. 

Fehling s solution (sugar detection and estimation) (a) Copper sulfate solution dissolve 34.639 g of CUSO4 5H2O in water and dilute to 500 mL. (b) Alkaline tartrate solution dissolve 173 g of rochelle salts (KNaC40g dHjO) and 125 g of KOH in water and dilute to 500 mL. Equal volumes of the two solutions are mixed just prior to use. The Methods of the Assoc, of Official Agricultural Chemists give 50 g of NaOH in place of the 125 g KOH. 

Port-type ted dessert wines require skin contact time to extract the anthocyanins, but the fermentation must be short to retain the sugar level neat the 6—10% level desired. The winemaker cannot always achieve desired composition in individual lots. In order to teach the desired standard, it is necessary to make new lots to enable blending to that standard. The right volume of a tedder, less sweet wine will need to be made to bring to standard a lot with low color and mote sugar, for example, while keeping the alcohol also within the desired limits. 

Mustard is marketed in three forms, ie, as a seed as a prepared blend of ground mustard seed, vinegar, salt, sugar, and other spices and as powdered dry mustard, also known as ground mustard or mustard flour. The seeds of the white or yellow mustard add pungency to any preparation, and that of the black mustard is required for aroma. Mustard is the largest volume spice imported into the United States and its use covers almost every flavor category except dessert items. 

Cranberry juice, too acidic to be consumed as a 100% juice drink, has been sold since 1929 as cranberry juice cocktail. Juice extraction usually involves pressing the juice from thawed cranberries in a tapered screw press, which affords a 60—64% juice yield. The juice is diluted with two volumes of water and sugar is added to raise the °Brix to 15 to produce a juice cocktail. Under the Federal Food, Dmg and Cosmetic Act, cranberry juice cocktail must contain not less than 25% single-strength cranberry juice with soluble soHds content of 14—16 °Brix, vitamin C content of 30—60 mg/177 mL (6 02), and... 

Food Processing. The sugar and com sweetener industries have the largest volume of instaHed ion-exchange resin in the food processing (qv) industry. Lesser quantities are used to process wine (qv), whey, fmit juices (qv), and gelatin (qv). 

Until a few hundred years ago, sugar was strictiy a luxury item. Queen Elizabeth I is credited with putting it on the table in the now familiar sugarbowl, but it was so expensive that it was used only on the tables of royalty. Sugar production reached large volume at a reasonable price only by the eighteenth century. 

Among the various types of sugars marketed, the mass consumption of sucrose far outweighs by volume the consumption of other products. Sucrose, also called table sugar, is a disaccharide which, upon hydrolysis, yields two monosaccharides glucose and fmctose. Various types of sugar vary in sweetness (1). 

A large volume of sugar is used for alcohol production. 

Fig. 8. Internal volume (FQ that is accessible to sugars as functions of the cotton molecular diameters (33). (a) Batting A, greige , scoured—bleached , caustic mercerized H, Hquid ammonia treated, (b) Fabric 0> scoured—bleached V> cross-linked.

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