Weight sugar

Figure 13 Relationship between kinetics of chemical processes, measured as t versus (T - To) of freeze-dried hGH, formulated with stachyose and trehalose, with protein sugar weight ratios of 1 1, 3 1 and 6 1, at 40 and 50°C. Symbols = chemical deterioration and A = hGH aggregation. Redrawn with changes from M.J. Pikal, private communication of unpublished results...

In RNA the sugar is ribose and uracil replaces thymine. Different varieties of RNA exist with widely different molecular weights. Messenger RNA conveys information in the form of the sequence of bases from DNA to RNA on the ribosomes, where proteins are... 

Saccharin was discovered at Johns Hopkins Uni versity in 1879 in the course of research on coal tar derivatives and is the oldest artificial sweetener In spite of Its name which comes from the Latin word for sugar saccharin bears no structural relationship to any sugar Nor is saccharin itself very soluble in wa ter The proton bonded to nitrogen however is fairly acidic and saccharin is normally marketed as its water soluble sodium or calcium salt Its earliest applications were not in weight control but as a... 

Brix hydrometer is graduated so that the number of degrees is identical with the percentage by weight of cane sugar and is used at the temperature indicated on the hydrometer. 

Sugar coating is time-consuming, requires skilled operators, and increases the tablet weight, sometimes to twice that of the uncoated core. 

The rising incidence of obesity has not paralleled sucrose consumption. The FDA Task Force concluded that sugars have no unique role in obesity and that dietary fat rather than carbohydrate is a significant contributor to this condition (62,67,68). However, sugar can promote weight gain in individuals with life-styles marked by excess caloric intake and insufficient exercise. 

Density. Measurement of density is widely used in the sugar industry to determine the sugar concentration of symps, Hquors, juices, and molasses. The instmment used is called a hydrometer or a spindle. When it is graduated in sucrose concentration (percent sucrose by weight), it is called a Brix hydrometer or a Brix spindle. Brix is defined as the percent of dry substance by hydrometry, using an instmment or table caUbrated in terms of percent sucrose by weight in water solution. Hydrometers are also graduated in °BaumH, stiU in use in some industries. The relationship between °BaumH and density, ing/cm, is °Baumn Baum e = 145(1 — 1/d). 

Insoluble Matter. Insoluble matter in sugar is deterrnined as the dry weight of material left on a filter or membrane after passage of a sugar solution. This may include bits of sand, filtration medium, plant material, and polymeric material. 

For the 1994 crops, 33 beet sugar factories in the United States processed 28.8 X 10 t of beets from 586,000 ha into 4.23 x 10 t (93 x 10 Cwt) of sugar 56% of the domestic production and 47% of the U.S. market. Cwt or hundred-weight of sugar is 100 lbs and is the common unit of commerce in the United States. This is a record level of production, an increase of 12% from the 1990 and 1991 crops. The average factory has a daily processing capacity of 4885 t compared to <3700 t in 1982. Since 1994, three factories in California have been closed and the constmction of one new factory has been announced for central Washington State. European factories process 10,000—15,000 t/d. 

The desugarization by-product is normally sold as a low value molasses. Pulse method systems also produce a relatively high value betaine-rich (at least 50% on soHds) fraction. The concentrated betaine-rich by-product is used as a custom animal feed, whose European markets are well estabUshed and may provide a future opportunity in the U.S. feed industry. Beet sugar molasses contains from 3 to 6% betaine, by weight, about three-quarters of which may be recoverable as a potential by-product ( 40 50% purity). 

Polarimetric analysis of sorbitol and mannitol in the presence of each other and of sugars is possible because of their enhanced optical rotation when molybdate complexes are formed and the higher rotation of the mannitol molybdate complex under conditions of low acidity (194). The concentration of a pure solution of sorbitol may be determined by means of the refractometer (195). Mass spectra of trimethylsilyl ethers of sugar alcohols provide unambiguous identification of tetritols, pentitols, and hexitols and permit determination of molecular weight (196). 

Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the principal components of the cell wall, comprising 65—75% by weight of the dry wood. Total hydrolysis yields simple sugars, primarily glucose and xylose in hardwoods and glucose and mannose in softwoods. Minor amounts of galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose are present. 

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