Sugar diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus. A defect in carbohydrate metabolism leading to the appearance of sugar in the urine. 

Blood sugar (blood glucose) in human beings is controlled by the secretion of (—>) insulin by the beta (B- or (3-) cells of the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. Loss of insulin synthesis leads to (—>) diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, EDDM) begins in juveniles as an organ-specific autoimmune reaction, the destructive insulitis. 

Patients with the following conditions should use laxatives only under the supervision of a health care provider (1) colostomy (2) diabetes mellitus (some laxatives contain large amounts of sugars such as dextrose, galactose, and/or sucrose (3) heart disease (some products contain sodium (4) kidney disease and (5) swallowing difficulty (bulk-formers may produce esophageal obstruction). 

Diabetes mellitus Recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)... 

Diabetes mellitus can have serious secondary effects. A constantly raised blood sugar level can lead in the long term to changes in the blood vessels (diabetic angiopathy), kidney damage (nephropathy) and damage to the nervous system (neuropathy), as well as to cataracts in the eyes. 

Imagine your doctor tasting your urine to find out what was making you constantly thirsty and hungry and wasting away to skin and bones For hundreds of years, this was a fairly common practice. Diabetes had been known for centuries, and one advance came when physicians realized that patients with diabetic symptoms often had high levels of sugar in their urine. In the 11 century, someone took a sip of the urine and the condition was named diabetes mellitus (from the Latin word for honey or sweet ). 

Adverse reactions occur frequently. Rapid drug infusion may produce tachycardia, vomiting, shortness of breath, headache, and a fall in blood pressure. Changes in blood sugar (hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia) necessitate caution in its use, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus. Renal function should be monitored and blood counts checked for dyscrasias. 

Taiwan. Decoction of the dried root is taken orally to treat diabetes mellitus . Tanzania. Decoction of the dried stems of sugar cane and Pachystela msolo is taken orally as a galactogogue ". ... 

They lower the blood sugar levels in aU types of diabetes mellitus but like sulfonylureas they do not lower the blood sugar level in normal individuals. They act by increasing peripheral anaerobic glycolysis (stimulate peripheral utilization of glucose), inhibit... 

For many years, there has been concern by medical professionals and nutritionists over the effects of dietary sugar on human health. Sucrose has been implicated as a cause of juvenile hyperactivity, tooth decay, diabetes mellitus, obesity, atherosclerosis, hypoglycemia, and nutrient deficiencies. 

Early applications of crystalline fructose focused on foods for special dietary applications, primarily calorie reduction and diabetes control. The latter application sought to capitalize on a significantly lower serum glucose level and insulin response in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (21,22) and insulin-dependent diabetes (23). However, because fructose is a nutritive sweetener and because dietary fmctose conversion to glucose in the liver requires insulin in the same way as dietary glucose or sucrose, recommendations for its use are the same as for other nutritive sugars (24). Review of the health effects of dietary fmctose is available (25). 

NIDDM is a much more common disease than IDDM, accounting for about 85—90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus. Whereas NIDDM may be present at any age, the incidence increases dramatically with advanced age over 10% of the population reaching 70 years of age has NIDDM. Patients with NIDDM do not require insulin treatment to maintain life or prevent the spontaneous occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis. Therefore, NIDDM is frequently asymptomatic and unrecognized, and diagnosis requires screening for elevations in blood or urinary sugar. Most forms of NIDDM are associated with a family history of the disease, and NIDDM is commonly associated with and exacerbated by obesity. The causes of NIDDM are not well understood and there may be many molecular defects which lead to NIDDM. 

Wright AD, Barber SG, Kendall MJ, Poole PH. Beta-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs and blood sugar control in diabetes mellitus. BMJ 1979 1(6157) 159-61. 

Glucophage is an antidiabetic drug prescribed to treat Type II diabetes. Type II diabetes is also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Individuals who have Type II diabetes are usually unable to produce enough insulin naturally (in response to the food they ingest) or suffer cell insulin receptor-site insensitivity. However, Glucophage can be prescribed by a doctor for Type I diabetics as a means of additional glucose (blood sugar) control in unison with insulin injections. 

Name another disease of sugar metabolism, aside from diabetes mellitus, that involves a glycation reaction as a component of the pathophysiology. 

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