Subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier SNIFTIRS

QCMB RAM SBR SEI SEM SERS SFL SHE SLI SNIFTIRS quartz crystal microbalance rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide-zinc styrene-butadiene rubber solid electrolyte interphase scanning electron microscopy surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy sulfolane-based electrolyte standard hydrogen electrode starter-light-ignition subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared... 

It is only since 1980 that in situ spectroscopic techniques have been developed to obtain identification of the adsorbed intermediates and hence of reliable reaction mechanisms. These new infrared spectroscopic in situ techniques, such as electrochemically modulated infrared reflectance spectroscopy (EMIRS), which uses a dispersive spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectroscopy, or a subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS), have provided definitive proof for the presence of strongly adsorbed species (mainly adsorbed carbon monoxide) acting as catalytic poisons. " " Even though this chapter is not devoted to the description of in situ infrared techniques, it is useful to briefly note the advantages and limitations of such spectroscopic methods. 

Figure 6.18 Subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS) spectra of a polished polyciystaUine Pt electrode, immersed in 0.1 M HCIO4, + 5 M CH3OH electrolyte. All spectra were normahzed to the base spectrum collected at 0 mV vs. RHE. (Reproduced from Iwasita and Vielstich [1988].)...

Subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS), has been used extensively to examine interactions of species at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In the present work, the method has been extended to probe interactions at the mercury solution interface. The diminished potential dependent frequency shifts of species adsorbed at mercury electrodes are compared with shifts observed for similar species adsorbed at d-band metals. 

The SNIFTIRS approach. The acronym SNIFTIRS means Subtractively Normalized Interfacial Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The basic concept of this method involves the fact that the raw data obtained directly from the Fourier Transform process contain components which are undesirable. Firstly, there is material in the solution which may have affected the spectrum. Secondly, unwanted information on certain material on the electrode (adsorbed water, for example) is best eliminated. 

In situ IR spectra were recorded using, either the Single Potential Alteration Iirfrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (SPAIRS), also called Linear Potential Sweep-Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (LPS-FTIRS), or the Subtractively Normalized Interfacial Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS). ... 

CO adsorption on Cu electrode surface is interfered with by specifically adsorbed anions. CO can be adsorbed below a certain definite potential, determined by the adsorption strength of CO and the anion. When CO molecules displace the specifically adsorbed anions on Cu electrode, a voltammetric peak is observed as exemplified for Cu(lOO) in CO saturated phosphate buffer solution in comparison with N2 saturated solution (Fig. 29). Subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS) spectra in Fig. 30 demonstrates that CO is adsorbed at -0.8 V vs. SHE but not at -0.4 V, and adsorbed phosphate anion vice versa. " This process is equivalent to charge displacement adsorption of CO on Pt electrode revealed by Clavilier et al The profile of the voltammogram depends greatly on the crystal... 

SNIFTIRS subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared 17.2.1... 

Pons [133] reported a slightly more sophisticated data acquisition protocol, which he termed SNIFTIRS (subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), which involved stepping the potential of the reflective working electrode repeatedly between two preset values, as shown in Fig. 11(d). The... 

In situ subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectroelectrochemistry (SNIFTIRS) studies confirm this prediction [37]. They also... 

Rodriguez et al. [693] reported infrared data obtained with the subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared spectrascopy (SNIFTIRS) method for PPy films exposed to aqueous solutions containing various anions. In the range between 1000 and 1700 cm reversible changes in the range of electrode potentials below the onset of overoxidation were found. They are consistent with the polaron-bipolaron model. During overoxidation, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups attached to the polymer backbone... 

As it was shown by SNIFTIRS measurements (subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements) that adsorbed CO species exist from 0.3 V vs RHE on a Pt surface ... 

Table 17.15 shows results obtained from the application of various bulk and surface analysis methods to lithium metal at rest or after cyclization experiments, as well as at noble metal and carbon electrodes after cathodic polarization. Several surface and elemental analysis methods are applied, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA/XPS), energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (X-ray microanalysis, EDAX), Eourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ETIR), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), ellipsometry (E), electro-modulated infrared reflectance spectroscopy (EMIRS), double modulation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DMFTIR), subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS), gas chromatography (GC), IR spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). 

Subtractively Normalized Interfacial Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS). Pons et have developed the SNIFTIRS technique,... 

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