Substrates product

Fig. 6. Diagram of an immobilized enzyme electrode, where S is the substrate and P is the enzyme-bound substrate product.

Entry Substrate Product Time Ratio Selectivity Diastereomeric... 

Reaction conditions Educt/substrate/products Others ... 

In Table 9.10 we have listed some examples of substrates, products and organisms that have been dted in the patent literature for the production of various alkanols, alkanoic acids, ketones and dioic adds. These are meant to act as illustrations, we would not expect you to remember them all. 

The concentration profiles for substrate, product and biomass in a plug flow system are shown in Figure 3.4. 

Fig. 3.4. Substrate, product and cell concentration versus length of plug flow bioreactor.

The ribosome is the cellular target of a large and chemically diverse group of antibiotics. The antibiotic binding sites are clustered at functional centers of the ribosome and the majority are composed exclusively of RNA. The drugs interfere with the positioning and movement of substrates, products and ribosomal components that are essential for protein synthesis. 

Enzyme activity in organic solvents depends on parameters such as water activity, pH control, substrate-product solvation, enzyme form, and nature of the solvent. 

The decomposition of unstable substrate/product by aqueous buffer can be prevented by dissolving the substrate and product in the organic phase. 

The high specificity required for the analysis of physiological fluids often necessitates the incorporation of permselective membranes between the sample and the sensor. A typical configuration is presented in Fig. 7, where the membrane system comprises three distinct layers. The outer membrane. A, which encounters the sample solution is indicated by the dashed lines. It most commonly serves to eliminate high molecular weight interferences, such as other enzymes and proteins. The substrate, S, and other small molecules are allowed to enter the enzyme layer, B, which typically consist of a gelatinous material or a porous solid support. The immobilized enzyme catalyzes the conversion of substrate, S, to product, P. The substrate, product or a cofactor may be the species detected electrochemically. In many cases the electrochemical sensor may be prone to interferences and a permselective membrane, C, is required. The response time and sensitivity of the enzyme electrode will depend on the rate of permeation through layers A, B and C the kinetics of enzymatic conversion as well as the charac-... 

Proteases are enzymes that break peptide bonds in proteins. As such they lend themselves to a variety of homogeneous assay techniques. Most employ labeling both ends of the substrate with a different tag, and looking for the appearance (disappearance) of the signal generated in the intact substrate (product). As an example, for a fluorescence quench assay, the N-terminal of a peptide is labeled with DNP and the C-terminal with MCA. As such, the peptide is fluorescently silent since the fluorescence from DNP is quenched by absorption by the MCA. Another very popular donor/acceptor pair is EDANS 5-[(2-aminoethyl)amino] naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid and DABCYL 4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid) (a sulfonyl derivative (DABSYL) [27], Upon peptide cleavage, the two products diffuse, and due to a lack of proximity, the fluorescence increases. 

Enzyme subclasses EC number Substrates Products Number of known sequences 1... 

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