Subsistence

The stocking of ponds, lakes, and reservoirs to increase the production of desirable fishes that depend on natural productivity for their food supply and are ultimately captured by recreational fishermen or for subsistence is another example of extensive aquaculture. Some would consider such practices as lying outside of the realm of aquaculture, but since the practice involves human intervention and often employs fishes produced in hatcheries, recreational or subsistence level stocking is associated with, if not a part of aquaculture. Similarly, stocking new ponds or water bodies which have been drained or poisoned to eliminate undesirable species prior to restocking, can lead to increased production of desirable species. 

All these polyesters are produced by bacteria in some stressed conditions in which they are deprived of some essential component for thek normal metabohc processes. Under normal conditions of balanced growth the bacteria utilizes any substrate for energy and growth, whereas under stressed conditions bacteria utilize any suitable substrate to produce polyesters as reserve material. When the bacteria can no longer subsist on the organic substrate as a result of depletion, they consume the reserve for energy and food for survival or upon removal of the stress, the reserve is consumed and normal activities resumed. This cycle is utilized to produce the polymers which are harvested at maximum cell yield. This process has been treated in more detail in a paper (71) on the mechanism of biosynthesis of poly(hydroxyaIkanoate)s. 

However, in terms of long-term needs, nations and communities can ignore air pollution control only at their peril. A population can subsist. 

The nutritional requirements of Eseherkhia eoli cells are far simpler than those of humans, yet the macromolecnles found in bacteria are about as complex as those of animals. Since bacteria can make all their essential biomolecnles while subsisting on a simpler diet, do yon think bacteria may have more biosynthetic capacity and hence more metabolic complexity than animals Organize your thoughts on this question, pro and con, into a rational argument. 

Lobens-unterhalt, m. living, subsistence, -ver-richtung, /. vital function, -versicherung, /. life insurance, -voi ang, m. vital process, -wandel, m. life, conduct, -wasser, n. aqua vitae (spirits), -weise,/. mode of life. 

Nahning,/. nourishment, nutriment, food subsistence (Leather) tawing paste. 

Indochina, and most of rural India—consumed a mere 2.5 percent of all commercial energy. The poorest people in the poorest countries, including mostly subsistence peasants bnt also millions of destitute people in large cities, do not directly consnmc any commercial fuels or electricity at all ... 

Human labor dominated all subsistence foraging activities, as the food acquired by gathering and hunting sufficed merely to maintain the essential metabolic functions and to support veiy slow population growth. Societies not very different from this ancestral archetype survived in some parts of the world (South Africa, Australia) well into the twentieth century Because they commanded veiy little energy beyond their subsistence food needs, they had very few material possessions and no permanent abodes. 

Reservoir de gaz naturel ou une seule phase subsiste a mesure de son epuisement (pas de condensation dans le reservoir) et k partir duquel il est impossible de recuperer commercialement des liquides en surface, ou tout au plus en tres petites quantites. 

We assume that an equilibrium can subsist with a specified pair of solvents in contact and a solute distributed between them in any one ratio of concentrations ... 

The quality and abundance of Great Lakes basin resources have been the foundation of the region s development since earliest European settlement. Indeed, in a little over a century, the Great Lakes Basin has evolved from a backwoods subsistence economy to a highly geared industrialized society. By way of current example ... 

Cuello was excavated by Hammond and co-workers between 1975 and 1993. It is the earliest known Preclassic Maya site, with a Preclassic occupation from ca. 1200 BC to AD 300 as well as later Classic period (AD 300-900) remains the earliest pottery-using phase (Swasey, 1200-900 BC) has not yet been found at other Preclassic sites, but the Bladen (900-600 BC) and subsequent phases match occupations elsewhere in date and material culture. The Cuello excavations have been extensively described in the report edited by Hammond (1991). Of particular relevance here are the chapters on the ecology and subsistence economy (Ch. 4) by Miksicek and by Wing and Scudder, and on the human burials (Ch. 7), by Frank and Julie Saul. More recent publications have focused on the subsistence economy (Crane and Carr 1994) and on the human skeletal remains (Saul and Saul 1997). 

Hather, J. and Hammond, N. 1994 Ancient Maya subsistence diversity root and tuber remains from Cuello, Belize. Antiquity 68 330-335, 487-488. 

Norr, L.C. 1991 Nutritional Consequences of Prehistoric Subsistence Strategies in Lower Central America. PhD dissertation. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Arm Arbor, MI, University Microfilms. 

Ambrose, S.H. and Norr, L. 1992 On stable isotopic data and prehistoric subsistence in the Soconusco region. Current Anthropology 33 401 04. 

Tuross, N., Fogel, M.L., Newsom, L. and Doran, G.H. 1994 Subsistence in the Florida Archaic— The stable isotope and archaeobotanical evidence from the Wendover site. American Antiquity 59 288-303. 

Cannon, A., Schwatcz, H.P. and Knyf, M. 1999 Marine-based subsistence trends and the stable-isotope analysis of dog bones from Namu, British Columbia. Journal of Archaeological Science 26 399-407. 

The friction cost method (Koopmanschap et al. 1995) assumes that the human capital approach has a tendency to overestimate the indirect household costs. If a worker is seriously sick or dies, his job will be vacant for some time until a new person is hired or trained. However, the loss will not be there for many years. Therefore, the loss of human capital is calculated not until the time of retirement, but until the time of replacement. This approach is correct for unskilled labor in a situation of unemployment. It fits neither to a fully employed economy nor to a subsistence farmer society where there is no substitution of a father who died. 

Change the environment. We are used to solving environmental problems by relatively simple interventions adding fertilisers, pesticides and water. However, it is much more difficult to remove an excess than it is to supplement a deficiency. A technological solution to the salinity problem has many possibilities but all are costly. In the case of staple foods then either their market value (commercial) or the resources of their consumers (subsistence) precludes such a solution. 

Hansch C, Maloney PP, Fujita T. Correlation of biological activity of phenoxy-acetic acids with Hammett subsistent constants and partition coefficients. Nature 1962 194 178-80. 

In adults subsisting on ordinary diets, no signs of essential fatty acid deficiencies have been reported. How-... 

By necessity, herbivores have evolved GIT and systemic compensatory mechanisms that allow them to subsist on plant-based diets that have limited nutrient quality and include phytochemicals. Still, herbivores remain susceptible to some of the anti-nutrient and toxic phytochemicals. For example, several herbivores are sensitive to the phytotoxins associated with autumn crocus, which include colchicine (Yamada et al, 2000). As a consequence, herbivores tend to select species and portions of plants based on a combination of nutrient quality and concentrations of phytochemicals (Yeager et al, 1997), and this has an impact on habitat selection and plant ecology (Duncan and Gordon, 1999). Carnivorous species have not been under selective pressure to develop similar compensatory mechanisms, generally have only limited abilities to subsist on plant-based diets, and in many cases are less tolerant of phytochemicals. 

Evaluating and Communicating Subsistence Seafood Safety in a Cross-Cultural Context ... 

Katzenberg, M. A. (1988), Stable isotope analysis of animal bone and the reconstruction of human palaeodiet, in Kennedy, B. and G. Le Moine (eds.), Diet and Subsistence, Current Archaeological Perspectives, Univ. Calgary, pp. 307-324. 

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