SUBJECTS manures

Odour quality depends not only on the sensitivity of the human nose but also on the subjectivity of the human language to be able to describe the odour (17). Some chemical characteristics of slurry have been compared to the slurry odour. A relationship between volatile fatty acids (VFA) and odour offensiveness of poultry manure was described by... 

Examples of sites with the characteristics mentioned above and, thus, potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance are common in areas subjected to human activities (Fig. 2). Particularly, sites in which the use or disposal of antimicrobials is frequent, such as animal farms or municipal waste water treatment plants, are likely habitats to favour the spreading of antibiotic resistance. In Europe, the use of antibiotics as growing factors in animal husbandry is prohibited since 2006 [47]. However, animal farming still represents a critical point for antibiotic resistance development and dissemination. Among the major main routes of dispersal are manure, which sometimes is used directly or after composting in agriculture as fertilizers [48, 49], and animal farms waste water [50-53]. 

To further complicate the situation, when developing country producers seek to sell into two or more different import markets with different regulatory requirements, they must comply with the most stringent aspects of each regulation, which may be in contradiction. Echeverria (2004) compares the EU and USA regulations on the subject of manure utilisation ... 

The contents of the bag are subjected to ebullition for a second and a third time, and by this means afford sine. When tho resulting solutions are too dilute for either glue or size, they are employed instead of water for extracting the glue from froeh materials the refuse in tho bags, after all available matter has been extracted, is sold for manure, and every particle of animal substance is turned to account. 

The excavation of a clandestine grave had revealed the largely skeletonized remains of a young man who had been buried for 5 years in a biologically active soil. The subsoil was clay, with the grave cut being water-filled at the time of the excavation due to a fractured field drain. It was covered by a stack of horse manure used as agricultural fertilizer that had considerably modified the burial conditions. The body had been buried clothed, and items of textile were recovered with the human remains. These included cloth, metal, and leather that had been subject to considerable differential preservation. 

Many bulletins have been written on the use of manures, and hence little discussion of the subject is needed here. Manures that do not contain litter and have a carbon—nitrogen ratio of not greater than 25 present few problems whether fresh or well-rotted. If considerable readily-decomposable litter is present, as is usually the case, then some additional nitrogen, and possibly phosphoric acid, may be needed as a supplement. When well-rotted, the manure will yield available nitrogen, and the only supplemental nutrient needed may be phosphorus. 

The addition of green manures to soils has been shown to effect control or partial control of a number of plant diseases. These include potato scab, take-all disease of wheat, and root rot of cotton and of snap beans. This method is not always successful and many factors, which are not well understood, affect the results. This subject is discussed in Chapter 19. 

In studies with a Gardena fine sandy loam that had been subjected to land leveling, Carlson et al. (1961) found that it was necessary to apply N, P, Zn and manure to make corn yields on the subsoil equal those on the surface soil. 

Pyrolysis of biomass materials occurs under normal conditions at relatively low temperatures (300 to 500 C), producing volatile matter and char. Very rapid heating causes pyrolytic weight loss to occur at somewhat higher temperatures. In general, the volatile matter content of cellulosic materials approximates 90% of the dry weight of the initial feedstock. Woody materials contain between 70% and 80% volatile matter, and manures contain 60% volatile matter. However, it is known (3) that cellulosic materials can be completely volatilized when subject to very rapid heating (>10,000 C/sec). Several relatively complete reviews of the mechanisms and kinetics of cellulose pyrolysis are available in the literature (4-7). 

---