Subject phenomena

Whereas pain is used to refer to the total subjective phenomena associated with injury and suffering, nociception more specifically refers to the aspect of sensory transmission. Nociception is the more correct term for the experimental study of pain, because it is objectively measured through a behavior in animals and humans alike (e.g., withdrawal reflexes, verbal ratings). The actual subjective experiences are private and known to each subject alone. However, for the sake of convenience, the word pain will be used here to address both aspects. Similarly, the word analgesia, meaning the relief from pain, will be used in place of the more objective term antinociception. 

This curious notion of the nature of the elements and the fact that there are just four elements in the terrestrial zone of the universe, Aristotle arrives at somewhat in this way. The only absolute criterion of the existence of matter is the sense of touch. Sight and hearing are subjective phenomena dependent upon our senses, liable to errors of interpretation. The phenomena which affect the tactile sense may be analyzed into four elements, hot and cold, moist and dry. All other properties, color, odor, roughness, smoothness, he asserts are either nonessential or combinations of these four. From these four properties there may be made six pairs ... 

The authors experience has shown that by far the most effective way to master the material in the text is to work as many problems as possible, hence the increased emphasis on this aspect in the 3rd Edition. The problems range from relatively straightforward use of an equation included in the book, to far more challenging problems requiring detailed analysis and/or numerical methods. Some of these would even be suitable for term projects. Problems requiring the use of the computer are clearly marked, as are open-ended problems that have no one correct answer. This type of problem, which is required in many undergraduate curricula, provides the student with an opportunity to search, assume, approximate and innovate. As in past editions, answers to many of the problems are provided in an appendix. These answers form an important part of the book, and contain in some cases more details concerning the subject phenomena. 

Carbon dioxide measurements require specialist test equipment and were not carried out in the context of this quick evaluation. The office survey did not detect any subjective phenomena to suggest a problem with CO2 concentrations. The results of the subjective evaluations are presented in Table 13.9 and Table 13.10. Table 13.9 shows that respondents reported that the control room was both too cold and too hot, in addition to too little air movement and the air being too dry. Measurement of temperature (sampled range was between 20.1 and 22°C with a mean of 21°C) and relative humidity (sampled range was between 30.6 and 35.7% with a mean of 33.8%) showed that they were within acceptable limits. Table 13.10 shows the reports of symptoms experienced by people in the control room that may be associated with the environmental conditions. Over half of the respondents reported sore throats and congested noses, and approximately half reported sore eyes, mental fatigue, headache, and tiredness. 

Sleepiness in narcolepsy has also been considered a subjective phenomenon associated with the instability of boundaries between behavioral states and the constant intrusion of sleep episodes into wakefulness. Under baseline conditions, 0X2R, orexin , and orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic mice have normal amounts of wakefulness and non-REM sleep during the light and dark phases and over 24 h (Chemelli et al, 1999 Hara et al, 2001 Mochizuki et al, 2004 Willie... 

Color is a subjective phenomenon whose esthetic value has been recognized for centuries. Since it is dependent on the light source, the object, and the observer, color is not subject to direct measurement, though instruments can measure a color for reproducibility. Colorants that provide color in polymers may be soluble dyes or comminuted pigments. 

Physical properties of the solvent are used to describe polarity scales. These include both bulk properties, such as dielectric constant (relative permittivity), refractive index, latent heat of fusion, and vaporization, and molecular properties, such as dipole moment. A second set of polarity assessments has used measures of the chemical interactions between solvents and convenient reference solutes (see table 3.2). Polarity is a subjective phenomenon. (To a synthetic organic chemist, dichloromethane may be a polar solvent, whereas to an inorganic chemist, who is used to water, liquid ammonia, and concentrated sulfuric acid, dichloromethane has low polarity.)... 

Bond achieves this in Bingo through his recognition that Shakespeare s dramatic imagination is not entirely a symptom of class consciousness. Neither is it an innately subjective phenomenon... 

Before proceeding to the main subject of this chapter—namely, the behavior and properties of spread films on liquid substrates—it is of interest to consider the somewhat wider topic of the spreading of a substance on a liquid surface. Certain general statements can be made as to whether spreading will occur, and the phenomenon itself is of some interest. 

The upper use temperature for annealed ware is below the temperature at which the glass begins to soften and flow (about Pa-s or 10 P). The maximum use temperature of tempered ware is even lower, because of the phenomenon of stress release through viscous flow. Glass used to its extreme limit is vulnerable to thermal shock, and tests should be made before adapting final designs to any use. Table 4 Hsts the normal and extreme temperature limits for annealed and tempered glass. These data ate approximate and assume that the product is not subject to stresses from thermal shock. 

Relaxation is an important example of a creep phenomenon encountered in practice. Bolts, studs, flanges, and springs of all kinds are subject to relaxation when used at high temperatures. These members are loaded to a stress that must be maintained for proper functioning. If relaxation occurs, the stress decreases. Thus bolts can become loose so that bolted joints develop leaks after operation at elevated temperatures. 

Stability, Bifurcations, Limit Cycles Some aspects of this subject involve the solution of nonlinear equations other aspects involve the integration of ordinaiy differential equations apphcations include chaos and fractals as well as unusual operation of some chemical engineering eqmpment. Ref. 176 gives an excellent introduction to the subject and the details needed to apply the methods. Ref. 66 gives more details of the algorithms. A concise survey with some chemical engineering examples is given in Ref. 91. Bifurcation results are closely connected with stabihty of the steady states, which is essentially a transient phenomenon. 

Subjective evaluation of odor emission is made difficult by the phenomenon of odor fatigue, which means that after persons have been initially subjected to an odor, they lose the ability to perceive the continued presence of low concentrations of that odor. Therefore, all systems of subjective odor evaluation rely on preventing olfactory fatigue by letting the observer breathe odor-free air for a sufficient time prior to breathing the odorous air and evaluating its odor content. Usually an activated charcoal bed is... 

When we talk about this subject, the term foulant or foulant layer comes to the forefront. Foulant, or fouling layer, are general terms for deposits on or in the membrane that adversely affect filtration. The term "fouling" is often used indiscriminately in reference to any phenomenon that results in reduced product rates. "Fouling" in this casual sense can involve several distinct phenomena. These phenomena can be desirable or undesirable, reversible or irreversible. Different technical terms apply to each of these possibilities. 

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