Initiation Subject

Drying of the poly(vinyl alcohol) is critical to both the color and solubiHty of the final product. Excessive drying temperatures result in high product color and an increase in the crystallinity, which in turn reduces the solubiHty of the product. Drying is initially subjected to a flash regime, where the solvent not contained within the particles is flashed off. This first phase is foUowed by a period where the rate is controUed by the diffusion rate of solvent from the poly(vinyl alcohol) particles. Because the diffusion rate falls as the material dries, complete drying is not practical. The polymer is therefore generally sold at a specification of 95% soHds. 

Subjective evaluation of odor emission is made difficult by the phenomenon of odor fatigue, which means that after persons have been initially subjected to an odor, they lose the ability to perceive the continued presence of low concentrations of that odor. Therefore, all systems of subjective odor evaluation rely on preventing olfactory fatigue by letting the observer breathe odor-free air for a sufficient time prior to breathing the odorous air and evaluating its odor content. Usually an activated charcoal bed is... 

The principal differences between the goethite and the jarosite processes take place following the hot acid leaching of the zinc ferrite residues. In the goethite process, the liquor from hot acid leaching, holding (in g l-1) 100 Zn, 25-30 Fe3+ and 50-60 H2S04, is initially subjected to a reduction step, where the ferric iron is reduced to the ferrous form by reaction with unroasted zinc sulfide concentrate at 90 °C ... 

The synthesized CPMV-alkyne 42 was subjected to the CuAAC reaction with 38. Due to the strong fluorescence of the cycloaddition product 43 as low as 0.5 nM, it could be detected without the interference of starting materials. TMV was initially subjected to an electrophilic substitution reaction at the ortho-position of the phenol ring of tyrosine-139 residues with diazonium salts to insert the alkyne functionality, giving derivative 44 [100]. The sequential CuAAC reaction was achieved with greatest efficiency yielding compound 45, and it was found that the TMV remained intact and stable throughout the reaction. 

This approach allows one to functionalize the j3-C atom of AN. For this purpose, AN are initially subjected to double silylation to prepare BENAs, which are then coupled with various stabilized carbocations (512, 513), as well as with sulfenyl and episulfonium cations (514). Molecules containing good leaving groups (e.g., arenesulfenyl chlorides (514)) are used as sources (or precursors) of... 

Consider an inert metal with a fractal electrode immersed into an electrolyte containing a redox couple. We assume semi-infinite diffusion of the oxidized species Ox and the reduced species Red in the electrolyte. For the sake of simplicity we assume that the solution contains initially (at the time, t = 0) only the oxidized form and the bulk and surface concentrations are identical, i.e., cox=cL- The electrode is initially subjected to an electrode potential where no reaction takes place. The only reaction occurring when the potential is lowered, is the reversible reduction of Ox to Red, i.e., Ox + ze = Red. In addition, it is assumed that the overall reaction is limited by diffusion of Ox in electrolyte. 

We consider again the redox reaction Ox + ze = Red with a solution initially containing only the oxidized form Ox. The electrode is initially subjected to an electrode potential Et where no reaction takes place. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the diffusion coefficients of species Ox and Red are equal, i.e., D = D()s = DRcd. Now, the potential E is linearly increased or decreased with E(t) = Ei vt (v is a potential scan rate, and signs + and represent anodic scan and cathodic scan, respectively.) Under the assumption that the redox couple is reversible, the surface concentrations of Ox and Red, i.e., c()s... 

The intact expl is initially subjected to a mechanical shock with a pressure p, which may be considerably in excess of pressure p, calcd for the C—J plane. 

Because diamorphine is converted to morphine in the body, prescribing the two drugs may be considered broadly similar. However, the initial subjective effects of diamorphine are crucial, and morphine is often a less attractive proposition. In the early major trial of injectable drugs in Switzerland (Uchtenhagen et al. 1996), in which the morphine protocol was based on previous experience in the Netherlands, two of the morphine-prescribing groups were curtailed because of poor acceptability by participants. Of side-effects, histamine-like reactions on intravenous injection were most frequently reported. 

The Flemish Environmental Agency may order industrial plants to perform toxicity assays, so plants obtain permission to discharge their effluents. At present, many plants are asked, at regular intervals (a few times a year) to perform toxicological tests on their effluents. The effluents are initially subjected to the following assays ... 

To circumvent this difficulty, a general procedure was developed. After the L-BOVB step, the orbitals are initially subject to localization1 using any standard localization procedure, and then the active orbitals are split while the inactive ones are kept frozen during the optimization process. 

The intramolecular nitrogen-trapping protocol used by Banwell has also been successfully exploited in the assembly of spirocyclic frameworks relating to the aromatic erythrina alkaloids.24 However, when it was applied to the synthesis of nonaromatic spirocycles, as found in histrionicotoxin, the flexible alkyl tether proved to be problematic.25 In this study, gem-dichlorocyclopropane substrate 37 was initially subjected to silver(I) salts under a variety of conditions only to provide solvolysis and elimination products without any indication of trapping by the pendent... 

Spirooxindoles, such as, for example ( )-coerulescine (101) have been prepared employing a sequence starting from 2-fluoronitrobenzene, which was initially subjected to treatment with the anion of dimethyl malonate, followed by decarboxylation and concomitant installation of the methylene group using formaldehyde in the presence of potassium carbonate to produce the intermediate 102 in good yield. This material readily underwent dipolar cycloaddition with the azomethine ylide generated from sarcosine and formaldehyde, followed by a reductive cyclization of adduct 103 to furnish the natural product 101 <02TL9175>. 

In particular the autoxidation of benzaldehyde was investigated. Its choice as the initial subject for study was unfortunate, as the use of an impure sample of perbenzoic acid for determination of its absorption spectrum, not previously recorded, led to erroneous conclusions. These were later rectified after taking new measurements on a pure crystalline sample of the peracid (12). For the present study the two main bands at 1728 to 1730 and at 1270 cm.- are to be borne in mind. These bands made possible a demonstration of the acceleration of the autoxidation due to ozone and the influence of such acceleration in ozonide formation. Three spectral series (Figures 1, 2, and 3), obtained in collaboration with E. Dallwigk, are discussed below. 

Fig. 9 Microphotograph of rotationally molded polypropylene parts subjected to water spray cooling (A, mold surface and B, inner surface) and parts initially subjected to water spray and subsequently air flow in the range of temperatures where crystallization occurs (C, mold surface and D, inner surfacejJ ...

Again, Dr Sim was the initial subject and received a 30-s injection of 0.225 xg kg-1 of VX which caused a decrease in erythrocyte cholinesterase activity to 63% of baseline. After 2 h, an intravenous infusion of 1 p.g min-1 was begun. A variety of minor effects occurred during the infusion, but at 3.5 h he became pale, stopped talking, appeared out of contact , and had profuse salivation and vomiting. The confu-sional state lasted about 15 min. It was learned later that his erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was 15% of his baseline, (Kimura et al., 1960). 

When a coal or coal char containing volatile matter is initially subjected to an elevated temperature, a series of complex physical and chemical changes occur in the coal s structure, accompanied by thermal pyrolysis reactions which result in devolatilization of certain coal components. The distribution of the evolved products of the reactions, which initiate at less than 700°F and can be considered to occur almost instan-... 

Experimental observations in moderate pressure environments show that a drop is initially subject to a transient heating process tmtil it reaches steady-state vaporization. The latter is described by the well-known d-squared law, which gives the square of the drop diameter as a function of time, t, by the relation... 

In polyimides (PI) the imide bond is initially subject to thermal conversions. The presence in the chain not only of the imide bond but also of a definite number of amide bonds, the existence of which is caused by the kinetic arrest of the cyclodehydration reaction of polyamide acids in the solid phase, impedes the analysis of PI degradation [18]. Therefore, the role of each type of bond during the pyrolysis of PI should he estimated by thorough analysis of the composition and properties of the decomposition... 

For this system, some valves which was not initially subjected to maintenance activities are now inspected. On the contrary, the maintenance tasks of some other components have been canceled (check valves) or their periodicity lengthened (electric motor). 

The prepared carbonized composite is initially subjected to a vacuum (400 Pa) and introduced into the liquid resin under a pressure of 1 200 Pa for about 20 h and recarbonized at 1000-2880°C for some 4-12 cycles [76,77]. 

When petroleum is refined to convert it into a variety of usable products, it is initially subjected to a fractional distillation. Table 1 lists the various fractions obtained from fractional distillation. Each of these fractions has its own particular uses. Each fraction may be subjected to further purification, depending on the desired application. 

The chemical processes being used in the twenty-first century favor the indirect Fischer-Tropsch method of coal liquefaction. In this process, coal is initially subjected to very high heat to create a charred substance that can be combined with carbon dioxide and steam to produce a synthesis gas composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The gas is then chemically subjected to a metallic catalyst, which transforms it into a synthetic crude oil. The resultant synthetic oil can then be refined into the desired fuel. 

Both hot-setting and cold-setting plastics can be used for mounting. These plastics consist of small molecules - so-called monomers - which combine to form tangled or cross-linked macromolecules as they cure. One important distinguishing characteristic is their respective plastic behavior. There are thermoplastics (which become plastic when heated), thermosets (which harden when initially subjected to heat and pressure), and elastomers. 

Kneading a mixture of the polyethylene, free-radical initiator and MA below the decomposition temperature (T) of the radical initiator, subjecting it to shear forces, and heating to a temperature above T is reported to give uniform grafting with substantial reduction of crosslinking. Extrusion of... 

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