Subject growth hormone

Aymard, G., Berlin, L, de Brettes, B., and Diquet, B., Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of apomorphine s effect on growth hormone secretion in healthy subjects, Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 17, 473-481, 2003. 

Few studies have examined noradrenergic function in patients with phobic disorders. In patients with specific phobias, increases in subjective anxiety and increased heart rate, blood pressure, plasma NE, and epinephrine have been associated with exposure to the phobic stimulus (Nesse et al. 1985). This finding may be of interest from the standpoint of the model of conditioned fear, reviewed above, in which a potentiated release of NE occurs in response to a reexposure to the original stressful stimulus. Patients with social phobia have been found to have greater increases in plasma NE in comparison to healthy controls and patients with panic disorder (Stein et al. 1992). In contrast to panic disorder patients, the density of lymphocyte a-adrenoceptors is normal in social phobic patients (Stein et al. 1993). The growth hormone response to intravenous clonidine (a marker of central a2-receptor function) is blunted in social phobia patients (Tancer et al. 1990). 

Nine deaths have been reported in children with Prader-Willi syndrome receiving growth hormone. Pfizer issued a safety warning for growth hormone and Prader-Willi syndrome after reviewing seven deaths in male subjects (89). There was an association with severe obesity and severe respiratory impairment. 

Despite theoretical concerns, there is no evidence that either intracranial or extracranial malignancy, new or recurrent, is increased in subjects treated with growth hormone (97,98,99). Despite this, certain precautions are... 

Human Growth Hormone (GH) has been a subject of debate since I was a kid. Natural (endogenous) GH is produced by the pituitary gland. Children produce 2 i.u. "spurts" 4-7 times per day for 4-5 non-consecutive days during a 2-3 week period (during growth spurts). That would equal 32-70 i.u. in only a 4-5 day span. A healthy adult s pituitary releases only 0.5-1.5 i.u. daily. 

Brun et al. (216) evaluated the mental performance, hormone levels, and temperatures of eight sleep-deprived volunteers given 300-mg of modafinil at 22 00 and 08 00. Modafinil did not affect melatonin, cortisol, or growth hormone levels, but it did attenuate performance decrements, attenuate the nocturnal decrease in body temperature, and increase daytime body temperature. These temperature effects are different from what has been observed in non-sleep-deprived subjects. Bourdon et al. (217) found no effects of 200 mg of modafinil on thermal balance in neutral conditions and no effect on thermoregulation in cold conditions (despite a tendency toward greater reductions in core temperature when modafinil was applied in a cold environment). However, these authors did not examine temperature effects beyond 3 hr in the morning. The differences with... 

Bran J, Chamba G, Khalfallah Y, Girard P, Boissy I, Bastuji H, Sassolas G, Claustrat B. Effect of modafinil on plasma melatonin, corisol and growth hormone rhythms, rectal temperature and performance in healthy subjects during a 36 hour sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 1998 7 105-114. 

These agents, like L-dopa, stimulate pituitary growth hormone release in normal subjects and—... 

Growth hormone 16 Evaluate Abs in children treated with rh-GH and met-GH 46 GH-deficient children treated for at least 12 months (20 naive and 26 previous treatment with pituitary extracted GH) RIA Abs generated in 75% of treatment naive group within 1 year 12% of the pretreated group (only in the second year). Abs remained through duration of treatment with met-GH, but decreased and eventually become undetectable in subjects receiving rh-GH. Abs did not affect clinical efficacy... 

In human subjects, deltorphin inhibits the secretion of growth hormone and ACTH induced by insulin-induced hypoglycemia and modulates the secretion of pituitary luteinizing hormone in women [88-91]. 

Gil-Ad I, Dickerman Z, Amdursky S, Laron Z. 1986. Diurnal rhythm of plasma beta endorphin, cortisol and growth hormone in schizophrenics as compared to control subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 88 496-499. 

GRH, growth hormone-RH = somatorelin stimulates the release of GH (growth hormone = STH, somatotropic hormone). Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms... 

Scillitani, A., Chiodini, I., Carnevale, V., Giannatempo, G. M., Frusciante, V., etal., Skeletal involvement in female acromegalic subjects The effects of growth hormone excess in amenorrheal and menstruating patients. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12, 1729-1736 (1997). 

In a pharmacokinetic-based study by Hedin et al. [94], hGH was administered with a nasal permeation enhancer, sodium tauro-24,25-dihydrofusidate (STDHF), in patients deficient in growth hormone (GH) using a reprocessed lyophilized form of hGH. The lyophilized material was formulated with STDHF and all the subjects received the formulation by both the nasal and subcutaneous routes. The dose given by the subcutaneous route was a standard dose of O.lIU/kg body weight (BW), whereas three different doses (of 0.2,0.4, and 0.8 IU/kg BW) of the nasal formulation were given. As compared with the subcutaneous route, all three nasal formulations showed a rapid increase in the plasma levels of hGH, with Y rn ix being reached 15-25 min after administration, as compared with 3-4 h in the case of the subcutaneous route. However, the Cmax was higher in the case of the latter route, and the nasal formulations touched baseline after 3-4 h, as compared with 14-18 h after subcutaneous delivery. 

Despite theoretical concerns, there is no evidence that either intracranial or extracranial malignancy, new or recurrent, is increased in subjects treated with growth hormone (76,78,79). Despite this, certain precautions are still recommended for children who have previously been treated for cancer. The diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency should be clearly established (74) and it is recommended that treatment be delayed for at least 1 year after tumor therapy has been completed (36). 

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