Growth hormone excess

Scillitani, A., Chiodini, I., Carnevale, V., Giannatempo, G. M., Frusciante, V., etal., Skeletal involvement in female acromegalic subjects The effects of growth hormone excess in amenorrheal and menstruating patients. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12, 1729-1736 (1997). 

Figure 50-5 IGF-I concentrations in growth hormone excess and deficiency states. (Reproduced with permission Van Wyk JJ, Underwood LE. Growdi hormone, somatomedins, and growth failure. Hasp Pract 1978 13 57-67. Illustration by Albert Miller.)...

Melmed S. Unwanted effects of growth hormone excess in the adult. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 9 Suppi 1996 3 369-74. 

Growth hormone excess in children is characterized by extremely rapid linear growth (gigantism). The condition is rare and is most often due to a pituitary tumour. Other causes of tall. stature in children include ... 

Since radioimmunoassays are available, it is now possible to diagnose the early stages of acromegaly and to follow the hormone levels as the disease develops. Furthermore, new types of growth hormone excess have been discovered a disease has been described in which excess growth hormone is observed in the absence of a pituitary hormone. The disease is believed to result from abnormal stimulation of the hypothalamic secretion. 

Acromegaly A pathologic condition characterized by excessive production of growth hormone during adulthood after epiphyseal (long bone) fusions have completed. 

Phytoferritin transcription is induced by iron excess and repressed by iron deficiency in leaves as well as in roots in several plant species in the case of maize, there are two ferritin genes which are differentially regulated by two independent-signalling pathways, one involving an oxidative step and one dependent on the plant growth hormone, abscissic acid. 

HC Beyerman, EWB De Leer, J Floor. On the repetitive excess mixed anhydride method for the synthesis of peptides. Synthesis of the sequence 1-10 of human growth hormone. Rec Trav Chim Pays-Bas 92, 481, 1973. 

An excess of insulin can cause hypoglycaemia and the hormones that respond to this condition to restore normal glucose levels are known as the counter-regulatory hormones. They are adrenaline, glucagon, growth hormone and cortisol. An increase in the blood levels of these hormones can sometimes be used to conhrm a diagnosis of hypoglycaemia. 

The dopamine D2 agonists bromocriptine and cabergoline (pp. 114, 188) inhibit prolactin-releasing AH cells (indications suppression of lactation, prolactin-producing tumors). Excessive, but not normal, growth hormone release can also be inhibited (indication acromegaly) (3). 

Acromegaly is almost always caused by a pimitary growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenoma, and transsphenoidal surgery is normally considered to be the first treatment of choice. A number of patients are not cured by surgery, however, and GH hypersecretion is nowadays treated actively, because of its known associated excess mortality. 

Drug interactions Excessive glucocorticoid therapy may inhibit the growth-promoting effects of human growth hormone. 

Individuals with chronic liver disease may have disorders of fluid and electrolyte balance, including ascites, edema, and effusions. Alterations of whole body potassium induced by vomiting and diarrhea, as well as severe secondary aldosteronism, may contribute to muscle weakness and can be worsened by diuretic therapy. The metabolic derangements caused by metabolism of large amounts of ethanol can result in hypoglycemia, as a result of impaired hepatic gluconeogenesis, and in ketosis, caused by excessive lipolytic factors, especially increased cortisol and growth hormone. 

Various hormonal agents (eg, glucocorticoids) lower the affinity of insulin receptors for insulin growth hormone in excess increases this affinity slightly. Aberrant serine and threonine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor subunits or IRS molecules may result in insulin resistance and functional receptor down-regulation. 

Created by the merger of Ciba and Sandoz, it makes Diovan for hypertension, Gleevec for chronic myeloid leukemia, Zometa for cancer complications, Sandostatin for excess production of growth hormone, Femara for breast cancer, and En-ablex for an overactive bladder. 

Cardiac failure may also affect metabolism by altering hepatic blood flow. However, even after heart attack without hypotension or cardiac failure, metabolism may be affected. For example, the plasma clearance of lidocaine is reduced in this situation. Other diseases such as those, which affect hormone levels hyper-or hypothyroidism, lack of or excess growth hormone, and diabetes can alter the metabolism of foreign compounds. 

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