Subject dental applications

LA preparations are common elicitors of adverse reactions, i.e. ca. 0.1-1% of applications in dental and other procedures. The clinical symptoms often correspond to anaphylactic reactions with tachycardia, hypotension, and subjective feelings such as... 

Besides the previously mentioned collagen, a wide variety of natural polymers have been involved in the synthesis of bio-nanohybrid materials with potential application in bone repair and dental prostheses. For instance, some recent examples refer to bionanocomposites based on the combination of HAP with alginate [96,97], chitosan [98,99], bovine serum albumin (BSA) [100], sodium caseinate [101], hyaluronic acid [102], silk fibroin [103,104], silk sericin [105], or polylactic add (PLA) [106,107]. These examples illustrate the increasing interest in the subject of HAP-based biohybrid materials, which has led to almost 400 articles appeared in scientific journals in 2006 alone. 

Let us turn next to a problem in the area of dental disease, namely, dental caries. This is a disease the etiology of which is, when one considers all the current evidence, very obscure. The application to this problem of our general formula (p. 211) calls for a search for the metabolic peculiarities which may be concerned in dental caries, but unfortunately metabolic peculiarities in the field which seems most likely to be pertinentmineral metabolismare virtually unknown as of the present writing. Are they unknown because they do not exist or because they have not been looked for The latter seems most probable in view of our previous discussions related to the subject (pp. 4 and 153). 

Fluoride is well established as effective for the prophylaxis of dental caries and has been under investigation for the treatment of osteoporosis. Both therapeutic applications originated from epidemiologic observations that subjects living in areas with naturally fluoridated water (1-2 ppm) had less dental caries and fewer vertebral compression fractures than subjects living in nonfluoridated water areas. Fluoride is accumulated by bones and teeth, where it may stabilize the... 

Some of these binary and ternary phases have been studied to a larger extent because of special physical and/or mechanical properties. Of particular interest are the Cu phases CuZn, Cu j +1, 3,Zn i 2.3,Al, and (Cu,Ni)3Al, on which the Cu-Zn-Al and Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys are based and which are the subject of the following sections. In addition, the Cu-Au phases CU3AU and CuAu and the Cu-Sn phases Cu3Sn and Cu Snj will be addressed, which are important constituents of Cu-Au alloys and amalgams for dental restorative applications. 

To facilitate presentation and digest of the subject, this chapter has been subdivided into four main sections in accordance with fields of application rather than composition of materials. Brief discussions of the applications and materials requirements are followed in each category by presentations of the working materials of choice, their mode of action, and where applicable, their strong and weak points in performance. In view of the abundance of publications in the field of dental materials, no attempt has been made to provide... 

Tire level of fluoride in fasting saliva which normally ranges from O.S to 2.5 jumol dm depends on the sampling time relative to the individual and the quantities of fluoride consumed [190,308,310,355,356]. These trace quantities could be of importance in preventive densitry since dental surfaces are virtually subjected to continuous topical application of fluoride from the salivary glands. 

Aldehydes have also been the subject of a patent application for the prevention of dental calculus formation and for reducing dental caries formation [315]. Glutaraldehyde has also been described as an ingredient of a chewing gum with anti-caries activity [316], Aldehydes, particularly formaldehyde (as formocresol) and glutaraldehyde, are used to disinfect and decontaminate the root canal during certain dental procedures [317, 318, 319] and to disinfect items such as dental stone casts, impressions and dentures [320-324]. 

Because this and much other evidence put forward for a relationship between sugar intake and dental caries in Man is circumstantial and the applicability of the results of animal experiments to humans was open to question, there was a need for a prolonged and well-controlled experiment on humans. Such an experiment was carried out in Sweden shortly after World War II over a period of 6 years on patients in a mental hospital at Vipeholm, where careful dietary supervision was possible. More than 400 subjects were fed on a nutritionally adequate basic diet which was rich in vitamins and other protective foods, contained 130 g carbohydrate and provided 7-5 MJ (1800 kcal). Groups of patients were then fed various supplements which raised their total calorie intake to 1T3 MJ (2700 kcal). The form of the supplements and the times at which they were provided were varied. Some groups were given extra bread or a sugar solution at meal times while others were provided with chocolate or toffees between meals. A summary of the... 

Gold is used not only in the manufacture of jewelry but also in a wide range of other applications, which form the subject matter for this book. These uses include conductive bonding wires in electronic items, dental alloys, and decorative plating. Along with medals, these other forms of fabrication together account for approximately 15% of total gold demand. 

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