Subject accountability

A subjective account by the patient of the pertinent information, including personal and family histories... 

This review will give a subjective account of mechanistic studies on some representative zinc enzymes comprising the enzyme classes I-IV (oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases and lyases). It does not claim to be comprehensive, as a comprehensive review would be far too extensive for this work. Lowther and Matthews have reviewed the met-alloaminopeptidases and Noodleman and coworkers have reviewed calculational studies on metalloenzymes. We apologize in advance for any omissions and point to previous reviews on this and related subjects to be found, e.g., in References 7-11. 

Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or observation made by others). 

Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others). 

Each subject wrote a subjective account of his experience within a week after the experimental session. Approximately six weeks after the session, subjects were administered questionnaires that related to (1) the effects of the session on postsession creative ability and (2) the validity and acceptance of solutions conceived during the session. These data were in addition to the psychometric data comparing results of the two testing periods. 

Table 10.2 provides an example of an in-text table that summarizes subject accountability. This in-text table of hypothetical data is identified by the title associated with it, and the information in the headers provides more detail concerning the. nature of the data presented. In this example, clinical trial ABC was conducted using a drug treatment group and a placebo treatment group, and data for the ITT population are presented. 

The very subjective account of Baudelaire s reaction to the painting is very similar to passages of Un Mangeur d opium in which he presents his reading experience of the foreign text.65 In both cases,... 

In contrast to the naturally occurring Gd compounds, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of the element s DOTA and DTPA chelates that are used in MRl have been studied more intensively. From a kinetic point of view, these highly hydrophilic compounds behave in an identical fashion. As expected from hydrophilic substances, the volume of distribution is small being 0.17 0.01 liters/kg in humans [13] while the plasma elimination half-life is around 20 and 90 min in rats and humans, respectively [4]. In mice 89% of the administered Gd-DOTA and Gd-DTPA doses was recovered in the urine within 1 hr [14]. In correlation with the reduced GFR in patients with chronic renal failure (median creatinine clearance 25.5 mL/min) the serum half-life of Gd-DTPA was prolonged and the renal clearance decreased. Recovery of the Gd-DTPA after administration of a 0.1 mmol/kg dose was 92 12%, whereas extrarenal elimination in these subjects accounted for less than 0.4% [15], indicating that glomerular filtration is the predominant route of elimination of the chelates. 

An additional indicator of the important place of chemistry among the academic disciplines in the late nineteenth century may be obtained by focusing on the Johns Hopkins University alone. Johns Hopkins was the acknowledged pioneer of the forms of the research university. Chemistry was correspondingly important to its internal economy. The subject accounted for 19.5% of all doctorate degrees awarded at Johns Hopkins over the years... 

The classic account of the sinking of the Titanic. A stunning book, incomparably the best on its subject and one of the most exciting books of this or any year - The New York Times... 

Opinions differ widely on the subject of corporate websites. You can currently buy server disc space for HTML pages for a mere 5 US, or many providers include it with the basic account The main disadvantages are related to server functions, bandwidth and other offered services. 

Dennison coupling produces a pattern in the spectrum that is very distinctly different from the pattern of a pure nonnal modes Hamiltonian , without coupling, such as (Al.2,7 ). Then, when we look at the classical Hamiltonian corresponding to the Darling-Deimison quantum fitting Hamiltonian, we will subject it to the mathematical tool of bifiircation analysis [M]- From this, we will infer a dramatic birth in bifiircations of new natural motions of the molecule, i.e. local modes. This will be directly coimected with the distinctive quantum spectral pattern of the polyads. Some aspects of the pattern can be accounted for by the classical bifiircation analysis while others give evidence of intrinsically non-classical effects in the quantum dynamics. 

A polymer chain can be approximated by a set of balls connected by springs. The springs account for the elastic behaviour of the chain and the beads are subject to viscous forces. In the Rouse model [35], the elastic force due to a spring connecting two beads is f= bAr, where Ar is the extension of the spring and the spring constant is ii = rtRis the root-mean-square distance of two successive beads. The viscous force that acts on a bead is... 

This account is not exliaustive but provides a guide to tlie main theoretical ideas and experimental metliods tliat have emerged in tliis subject. Fuller accounts and broad background are given in recent books devoted to tliis topic [i, 2, 3, 4 and 5]. 

The appropriate quantum mechanical operator fomi of the phase has been the subject of numerous efforts. At present, one can only speak of the best approximate operator, and this also is the subject of debate. A personal historical account by Nieto of various operator definitions for the phase (and of its probability distribution) is in [27] and in companion articles, for example, [130-132] and others, that have appeared in Volume 48 of Physica Scripta T (1993), which is devoted to this subject. (For an introduction to the unitarity requirements placed on a phase operator, one can refer to [133]). In 1927, Dirac proposed a quantum mechanical operator tf), defined in terms of the creation and destruction operators [134], but London [135] showed that this is not Hermitean. (A further source is [136].) Another candidate, e is not unitary. 

General Remarks. In the follo ving pages an account is given of the results which may be observed when an unknown organic compound is subjected to the following tests ... 

An elementary account of the subject has been given in the previous Section. For the fractional distillation under diminished pressure of liquids diflfering only slightly in boiling point, a firactionating column (see Sections 11,15 and 11,17) must be used. Provision must, of course, be made for the insertion of a capillary tube into the fiask containing the mixture. This can be done by any of the following methods —... 

It is hoped that the account of the interchangeable ground glass joint apparatus already given will serve as an introduction to the subject. For the numerous apphcations of such apparatus, the reader is referred... 

This subject is dealt with ab initio in the author s book entitled Elementary Practical Organic Chemiairy. Parti. SmaU Scale Preparations. (Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1957.) The treatment is comprehensive and includes a detailed account of small scale apparatus of novel design. 

Space does not permit any further detailed discussion except for a brief account of two interesting subjects. The first is concerned with keto-enol tautomerism. The classical example is ethyl acetoacetate, which can exist in the keto form (I) and the enol form (II) ... 

The above account of infrared and ultraviolet spectra should provide an introduction to the subject. Further information can be obtained by reference to the books listed below. 

Recall that each of these results is subject to multiplication by a factor of (-l) p to account for possible ordering differences in the spin-orbitals in > and >. 

Under the usual conditions their ratio is kinetically controlled. Alder and Stein already discerned that there usually exists a preference for formation of the endo isomer (formulated as a tendency of maximum accumulation of unsaturation, the Alder-Stein rule). Indeed, there are only very few examples of Diels-Alder reactions where the exo isomer is the major product. The interactions underlying this behaviour have been subject of intensive research. Since the reactions leadirig to endo and exo product share the same initial state, the differences between the respective transition-state energies fully account for the observed selectivity. These differences are typically in the range of 10-15 kJ per mole. ... 

This case history presents only a simple account of one of R.B. Woodward s adventures based on ingenious undentanding of structural features and experimental findings described in the literature. The hydrogenation of porphyrins is still one of the most active subjects in heterocyclic natural products chemistry, and the interested reader may find some modem developments in the publications of A. Eschenmoser (C.Angst, 1980 J.E. Johansen, 1980). 

Uncertainty expresses the range of possible values that a measurement or result might reasonably be expected to have. Note that this definition of uncertainty is not the same as that for precision. The precision of an analysis, whether reported as a range or a standard deviation, is calculated from experimental data and provides an estimation of indeterminate error affecting measurements. Uncertainty accounts for all errors, both determinate and indeterminate, that might affect our result. Although we always try to correct determinate errors, the correction itself is subject to random effects or indeterminate errors. 

Equations 12.21 and 12.22 contain terms corresponding to column efficiency, column selectivity, and capacity factor. These terms can be varied, more or less independently, to obtain the desired resolution and analysis time for a pair of solutes. The first term, which is a function of the number of theoretical plates or the height of a theoretical plate, accounts for the effect of column efficiency. The second term is a function of a and accounts for the influence of column selectivity. Finally, the third term in both equations is a function of b, and accounts for the effect of solute B s capacity factor. Manipulating these parameters to improve resolution is the subject of the remainder of this section. 

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