Subcutaneous administration injection sites

Route of Administration Intravenously is nearly instantaneously absorbed. Intramuscular has slower absorption depending on the amount of blood vessels at the injection site. Subcutaneous tissue injection sites have a slower absorption rate than muscles. (Hint Medication is absorbed faster in the deltoid [arm] muscle than the gluteal [backside] muscle because there are more blood vessels in the deltoid muscle.)... 

Opioids maybe administered in a variety of routes including oral (tablet and liquid), sublingual, rectal, transdermal, transmucosal, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraspinal. While the oral and transdermal routes are most common, the method of administration is based on patient needs (severity of pain) and characteristics (swallowing difficulty and preference). Oral opioids have an onset of effect of 45 minutes, so intravenous or subcutaneous administration maybe preferred if more rapid relief is desired. Intramuscular injections are not recommended because of pain at the injection site and wide fluctuations in drug absorption and peak plasma concentrations achieved. More invasive routes of administration such as PCA and intraspinal (epidural and intrathecal) are primarily used postoperatively, but may also be used in refractory chronic pain situations. PCA delivers a self-administered dose via an infusion pump with a preprogrammed dose, minimum dosing interval, and maximum hourly dose. Morphine, fentanyl, and hydromorphone are commonly administered via PCA pumps by the intravenous route, but less frequently by the subcutaneous or epidural route. 

Liposomes tend to remain at the injection site when they are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Therefore, these administration routes are useful for slow and sustained release of drugs at the injection site. 

TVpes of preparations (B). As a peptide, insulin is unsuitable for oral administration (destruction by gastrointestinal proteases) and thus needs to be given parenterally. Usually, insulin preparations are injected subcutaneously. The duration of action depends on the rate of absorption from the injection site. 

Toxicology. DBA produced carcinomas in animals after oral or dermal exposure and injection site tumors after subcutaneous or intramuscular administration. 

Mammary carcinomas and forestomach papillomas were observed in mice after gavage administration. DBA has also been shown to cause skin papillomas and carcinomas in mice when applied dermally 3 times/week for a lifetime.Subcutaneous injection of Ipmol of DBA three times weekly for 20 doses induced injection site sarcomas in 100% of female Sprague-Dawley rats by 33 weeks. ... 

The carcinogenicity of ethylenimine has been investigated in animal studies. Rats given subcutaneous injections twice weekly for 33 weeks developed sarcomas at the injection site. Administered to mice by gavage for 3 weeks, followed by dietary administration for 77 weeks, it caused a significant increase in hepatomas and pulmonary tumors. ... 

Each pramlintide dose should be administered subcutaneously into the abdomen or thigh (administration into the arm is not recommended because of variable absorption). Injection sites should be rotated so that the same site is not used repeatedly. The injection site selected should also be distinct from the site chosen for any concomitant insulin injection. Patients should always use a new syringe and needle to give pramlintide and insulin injections. 

Ronte of administration Lantus is administered by subcutaneous injection once daily at bedtime. Intravenous administration of the usual subcutaneous dose could result in severe hypoglycemia. As with all insulins, injection sites within an injection area (abdomen, thigh, or deltoid) must be rotated from one injection to the next. 

Route of administration Zoladex is injected as a subcutaneous implant. The injection site of choice is the upper abdominal wall, but the midline of the lower abdomen has also been used. 

Gonadorelin can cause headache, light-headedness, nausea, and flushing. Local swelling often occurs at subcutaneous injection sites. Generalized hypersensitivity dermatitis has occurred after long-term subcutaneous administration. Rare acute hypersensitivity reactions include bronchospasm and anaphylaxis. Sudden pituitary apoplexy and blindness have... 

Absorption of orally administered cefquinome is poor, but absorption following intramuscular or subcutaneous administration proceeds relatively quickly. A small fraction of the intramammarily administered cefquinome is absorbed systemically. Distribution of cefquinome is not extensive following parenteral administration of radiolabeled cefquinome the highest activities were found in injection-site tissues, kidney, and liver. Excretion of parenterally administered cefquinome is predominantly renal, while intramammarily administered cefquinome is excreted mainly in milk. Cefquinome is metabolically quite stable. 

After subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of netobimin into cattle, absorption was rapid but plasma levels of radioactivity were lower than those achieved following oral administration. This indicates that absorption occurred prior to the conversion to albendazole since high levels of parent drug were found in plasma and milk soon after the injection. On the other hand, at 12 h after the injection the parent drug could not be detected at the injection site or in liver. 

Nitroxynil has a tendency to bind strongly to proteins and therefore is retained in animal tissues and milk for long periods after its administration (8). Residue depletion studies in cattle subcutaneously treated with nitroxynil showed that kidney contained 252, 107, and 90 ppb, muscle 149-587, 89-131, and 50, and the injection site 90-504, 90-207, and 90 ppb of the parent drug... 

Aziridine has been tested for carcinogenicity in two strains of mice by oral administration, producing an increased incidence of liver-cell and pulmonary tumours. Subcutaneous injection of single doses in suckling mice produced an increased incidence of lung tumours in males. In one experiment in rats, aziridine increased the incidence of tumours at the injection site following its subcutaneous injection in oil (lARC, 1975). 

Benzyl chloride, benzal chloride, benzotrichloride and benzoyl chloride have been studied by skin application to mice. Small numbers of skin tumoms were produced by benzyl chloride and benzoyl chloride, while clear increases in skin tumours were produced by benzal chloride and benzotrichloride. Following subcutaneous injections to rats, benzyl chloride produced some injection site tumours. Administration by gavage of benzyl chloride to mice and rats produced forestomach tumours in mice and a few neoplasms of the forestomach were observed in male rats. Benzotrichloride administered by gavage to mice produced tumours of the forestomach and lungs. In addition, benzotrichloride and benzoyl chloride were administered by inhalation to mice benzotrichloride produced increases in the incidences of tumours of the lung and skin, whereas no significant increase in tumour incidence was observed after benzoyl chloride administration. 

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