Subcellular compartmentalization

Brauer D, Uknalis J, Triana R, Tu S-I. Subcellular compartmentation of different fluorescein derivatives in maize root epidermal cells. Protoplasma 1996 192 70-79. 

T Lendenfeld, D Ghali, M Wolschek, EM Kubicek-Pranz, CP Kubicek. Subcellular compartmentation of penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum. The amino acid precursors are derived from the vacuole. J Biol Chem 268 665-671, 1993. 

Ardail, D., Gasnier, F., Lerme, F., Simonot, C., Louisot, P., and Gateau-Roesch, O., 1993, Involvement of mitochondrial contact sites in the subcellular compartmentalization of phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 268 25985-25992. 

Unique subcellular compartmentation is also present in quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis, which occurs in the mesophyll chloroplasts of some legumes.158 One of the enzymes catalyzing the last two acylations of the pathway in Lupinus albus occurs in the cytoplasm, whereas the other resides in the mitochondria/59 Although the quinolizidine nucleus appears to be synthesized in the chloroplast, subsequent modifications can occur only after alkaloid intermediates are transported to the cytosol and mitochondia. Quinolizidine alkaloids appear to accumulate in vacuoles of epidermal cells where their defensive properties are most effective. 

Mengual E, Pickel VM (2004) Regional and subcellular compartmentation of the dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat ventral pallidum. J Comp Neurol 465 395-409. 

From subcellular compartmentalization it is not fiir to the organization of kinases and phosphatases as supramolecular multi-enzyme organelles. What advantages could the arrangement of a protein kinase cascade such as, for example, the AlAP kinase cascade. 

Gondet, L., Bronner, R. and Benveniste, P. (1994) Regulation of sterol content in membranes by subcellular compartmentation of steol-esters accumulating in a sterol-overproducing tobacco mutant. Plant Physiol., 105, 509-18. 

H, Okita TW. Subcellular compartmentation and allosteric reg- 104. ulation of the rice endosperm ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase. 

Bionda C, Portoukalian J, Schmitt D, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Ardail D. Subcellular compartmentalization of ceramide metabolism MAM (mitochondria-associated membrane) and/or mitochondria Biochem J 2004 382 527-533. 

The accumulation of the precursors for fatty acid synthesis is a wonderful example of the coordinated use of multiple processes to fulfdl a biochemical need. The citric acid cycle, subcellular compartmentalization, and the pentose phosphate pathway provide the carbon atoms and reducing power, whereas glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation provide the ATP to meet the needs for fatty acid synthesis. 

Wistuba A, Kern A, Weger S, Grimm D, Kleinschmidt JA. Subcellular compartmentalization of adeno-associated virus type 2 assembly. J Virol 1997 71 1341-1352. 

Other studies on the location and mobility of water have included the models of food freezing36 and changes in the subcellular compartmentation of apple during freezing,37 the hydration of various foods,38 and the diffusion of water in a variety of media including fruit juice and apple tissue.39... 

What is known about the biogenetic routes leading to the biosynthesis of the dimeric akaloids vinblastine and vincristine in C. roseus is represented in Fig. (4) to (6). Enzymes and genes that have been characterized are indicated, and the subcellular compartmentalization of the pathway is presented in Fig. (3). 

Little is known about the tissue and subcellular compartmentation of lignan biosynthesis in Podophyllum. In vitro cultured cells of P. emodi are capable of synthesizing podophyllotoxin from coniferyl alcohol, implying... 

Many alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes have been localized to subcellular compartments other than the cytosol 260). Enzyme compartmentalization sequesters toxic alkaloids and pathway intermediates away from sensitive areas of the cell. The subcellular trafficking of biosynthetic intermediates might also create an important level of metabolic regulation. Understanding the subcellular compartmentalization of alkaloid pathways will show whether enzyme characteristics observed in vitro represent bona fide regulatory mechanisms in vivo. 

The subcellular compartmentation of terpenoid metabolism is a matter of controversy. Chloroplasts seem to contain the entire terpenoid biosynthetic pathway and appear to be autonomous in regard to terpene biosynthesis. Carotenoids and the side chains of chlorophyll are synthesized in the chloroplasts. Sterols are synthesized in the cytoplasm (Gershenzon and Croteau, 1990). 

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