Protein-kinase cascade

Some Hormones Act Through a Protein Kinase Cascade... 

Class II hormones, which bind to cell surface receptors, generate a variety of intracellular signals. These include cAMP, cGMP, Ca +, phosphatidylinositides, and protein kinase cascades. 

Gomez, N., and Cohen, P. (1991). Dissection of the protein kinase cascade by which nerve growth factor activates MAP kinases. Nature 353 170-173. 

Dineley, K.T., Westerman, M., Bui, D., Bell, K., Ashe, K.H., Sweatt, J.D. Beta-amyloid activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade via hippocampal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vitro and in vivo mechanisms related to Alzheimer s disease. J. Neurosci. 21 4125, 2001. 

The PROTEIN KINASE CASCADE amplifies the original extracellular signal by increasing levels of cAMP, which activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which phosphorylates specific proteins. 

The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is second-messenger-independent 396... 

The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is second-messenger-independent. Although the second-messenger-dependent protein kinases were identified first as playing an important role in neuronal function, we now know that many other types of protein serine-threonine kinase are also essential (Table 23-1). Indeed, one of the most critical discoveries of the 1990s was the delineation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase or MAPK) cascades. 

It is of great interest that new findings suggest that several effects of estrogen and SERMs also may be mediated by nonnuclear ER actions derived from fast activation (in a matter of minutes) of the protein-kinase cascades and other signaling processes associated to cell membrane ERs. These activation routes, described in detail in Chap. 1 by Escrich et al. are not mediated by transcrip-... 

Mori-Abe A, Tsutsumi S, Takahashi K, Toya M, Yoshida M, Du B, Kawagoe J, Naka-hara K, Takahashi T, Ohmichi M, Kurachi H (2003) Estrogen and raloxifene induce apoptosis by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in synthetic vascular smooth muscle cells. J Endocrinol 178 417-426... 

Coroneos, E., Wang, Y., Panuska, J.R., Temepleton, D.J. and Kester, M., 1996, Sphingohpid metabolites differentially regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase and stress-activated protein kinase cascades, B/oclrem. J. 316 13-17. 

Tolan, D., Conway, A-M., Rakhit, S., Pyne, N.J. and Pyne, S., 1999, Assessment ofthe extracellular and intracellular actions of sphingosine 1-phosphate by using the p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade as a model. Cell. Signal. 11 349-354. 

Ge Z, Liu C, Bjorkholm M, Gruber A, Xu D (2006) Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade-mediated histone H3 phosphorylation is critical for telomerase reverse transcriptase expression/telomerase activation induced by proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 26(l) 230-237 Giet R, Glover DM (2001) Drosophila aurora B kinase is required for histone H3 phosphorylation and condensin recruitment during chromosome condensation and to organize the central spindle during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 152(4) 669-682... 

Figure 21.9 The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (MAP kinase cascade). The active protein Ras activates Raf by promoting its recruitment to a cell membrane. Through a series of phosphorylations MAP kinase is activated as follows MAP kinase kinase kinase (Raf) phosphorylates MAP kinase kinase which, in turn, phosphorylates MAP kinase, the final target enzyme. MAP kinase phosphorylates transcription factors for genes that express proteins involved in proliferation. Another nomenclature for the enzymes is also used raf is MEKK MAPKK is MEK and finally ERK is MAP kinase (ERK is the abbreviation for extracellular-signal-related kinase) For comparison, the reader is referred to the metabolic phosphorylase cascade, which is discussed in Chapter 12 (Figure 12.12).

Ferrell, J. E. (1996). Tripping the switch fantastic how a protein kinase cascade can convert graded inputs into switch-like outputs. Trends Biochem Sci 27, 460-466. 

Blum S, Adams AN, Dash PK (1999) A mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the CA1/CA2 subfield of the dorsal hippocampus is essential for long-term spatial memory. J Neurosci 19 3535-3544... 

Low K, Crestani F, Kleist R, Benke D, Brunig I, Benson J, Mohler H (2000) Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety. Science 290 131-140 Lu KT, Walker DL, Davis M (2001) Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the basolat-eral nucleus of amygdala is involved in extinction of fear-potentiated startle. J Neurosci 21 RC162... 

Genetic and biochemical investigations point to a function as a central effector of signal transduction via Ras proteins for the Raf kinase. Raf kinase is immediately downstream from Ras protein in the signal chain. The activated GTP form of Ras protein interacts in a specific manner with Raf kinase and thus mediates membrane localization of Raf kinase. Consequently, the protein kinase activity of Raf kinase is stimulated and the signal is transmitted further via the protein kinase cascade of the MAP kinase pathway. 

The path of signal transduction leads from the activated Raf kinase to the protein kinase cascade of the MAP kinase pathway (Chapter 10). 

Fig. 10.1. Principle of signal transduction through intracellular protein kinase cascades. The intracellular protein kinase cascades are organized in modules composed in most cases of three proteinkinases and a scaffold protein. The modules process signals that are registered, integrated and passed on at the inner side of the cell membrane by central switching stations such as the Ras protein or the Rac protein. In the case of the MAP kinase pathway, the cascade includes at least three different protein kinases. Specific regulatory processes may take effect at every level of the cascade in addition, signals may be passed from the different protein kinases to other signaling pathways.

S ATP + S6-kinase <4> (step of a protein kinase cascade initiated by insulin in a yet unidentified manner) [6]... 

Further protein-protein interactions result in GTP binding to and activation of the Ras protein, which in turn activates a protein kinase cascade that ends with the phosphorylation of target proteins in the cytosol and nucleus. The result is specific metabolic changes and altered gene expression. 

Carling, D. (2004) The AMP-activated protein kinase cascade— a unifying system for energy control. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29,... 

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