Subcellular trafficking

On the molecular level, all TAARs for which ligands are available, couple to Gas, at least in recombinant systems. Links to other signaling pathways as well as potential heterodimerization within the TAAR family or with other GPCRs have so far not been observed. All TAAR genes have a very similar size of about 1 kb, and posttranslational modification and subcellular trafficking of the receptors are both not well understood. 

Grotewold E. 2001. Subcellular trafficking of phytochemicals. Recent Res Devel Plant Physiol 2 31-48. 

Figure 7.9 Intercellular and subcellular trafficking in alkaloid biosynthesis. A. Tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in Hyoscyamus muticus. B. Terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. C. Trafficking of the berberine bridge enzyme in Papaver somniferum cell cultures.

DeFranco, D.B., C. Ramakrishnan and Y. Tang. Molecular chaperones and subcellular trafficking of steroid receptors. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 65 51-58, 1998. 

Kaneko, K., Vey, M., Scott, M., Pilkuhn, S., Cohen, F.E., and Prusiner, S.B. (1997a). COOH-terminal sequence of the cellular prion protein directs subcellular trafficking and controls conversion into the scrapie isoform. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 2333-2338. 

Holman, G.D., Lo Leggio, L., Cushman, S.W. 1994. Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 glucose transporter recycling. A problem in membrane protein subcellular trafficking through multiple pools. J. Biol. Chem. 269 17516-17524. 

Nori A, Jensen KD, Tijerina M, Kopeckova P, Kopecek J. Subcellular trafficking of HPMA copolymer-TAT conjugates in human ovarian carcinoma cells. J Cont Rel 2003 28 1189-1210. 

Many alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes have been localized to subcellular compartments other than the cytosol 260). Enzyme compartmentalization sequesters toxic alkaloids and pathway intermediates away from sensitive areas of the cell. The subcellular trafficking of biosynthetic intermediates might also create an important level of metabolic regulation. Understanding the subcellular compartmentalization of alkaloid pathways will show whether enzyme characteristics observed in vitro represent bona fide regulatory mechanisms in vivo. 

Hawadle, M. A., Folarin, N., Martin, R., and Jackson, T. R. (2002). Cytohesins and centaurins control subcellular trafficking of macromolecnlar signaling complexes Regulation by phosphoinositides and ADP-ribosylation factors. Biol. Res. 35, 247-265. 

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