Sturm test

In the presence of suspended natural populations from unpolluted aquatic systems, the second-order microbial transformation rate constant determined in the laboratory was reported to be 4.2 + 0.7 X 10 L/organism-h (Steen, 1991). Using the modified Sturm test, >80% of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate mineralized to carbon dioxide in 28 d (Scholz et al., 1997). 

Ready Modified Sturm test (67/548/EEC) EC V.C.4-C ISO 9439 OECD 301B C02/dissolved organic carbon 60/70% or greater... 

HOAt showed no significant inhibition in a study designed to evaluate the effects on the respiration rate of sewage sludge microorganisms contained in activated sludge. HOAt and HATU were not readily biodegradable when evaluated in 28 day modified Sturm tests. 

Carbon dioxide production is measured in a system that is basically the same as the Sturm test [47]. A measurement line is divided in three parts air treatment (production of C02-free air), degradation reactor and carbon dioxide trapping... 

Battersby NS, Pack SE, Watkinson RJ (1992) A correlation between the biodegradability of oil products in the CEC L-33-T82 and modified sturm tests. Chemosphere 24 1989-2000... 

Weytjens D, Van Ginneken I, Painter HA (1994) The recovery of carbon dioxide in the sturm test for ready bio degradability. Chemosphere 28 801-812... 

A Modified AFNOR Test 301 B Modified Sturm Test 301 C Qosed Bottle Test... 

Properly formulated soybean-oil-based inks are biodegradable by microorganisms that are commonly found in soil (Erhan Bagby, 1993 Erhan et al., 1997b) and also when using the modified-Sturm test (Erhan et al., 1995). Soybean-oil-de-rived components are almost completely degraded within 25 days. The 100% soybean oil-based vehicle degraded 82- 92% compared with 58—68% for the ANPA vehicle and 20% for the petroleum-based vehicle. 

Also called a Sturm test , after the name of the author who described the method for the first time in 1979, applying it to petroleum derivatives. 

While the incubation medium is no longer soil, but compost, the teehnique is similar to that which we have just described, with some differences (Figure 14.13). The method recommended in the norm is in fact only an adaptation of the open-circuit Sturm test. Just like the Stiinn test, this system can be entirely automated (Figure 14.14). In this case, the costs are much greater. (It costs at least 60,000 for a battery with 12 units allowing the testing of 2 samples at the same time = 3 controls + 3 cellnloses + 3 samples 1+3 samples 2). 

OECD 30IB, 1993, Ready biodegradability Modified Sturm test - 301 B. Guidelines for testing of chemicals. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, France. 

MOST, Modified OECD Screening Test CB, Closed Bottle Te.st Sturm-Test. ... 

As described above, esterquats differ structurally from DTDMACs by the presence of ester linkages in the alkyl chains. These linkages allow a rapid and complete biodegradation of esterquats. For example, DEEDMACs reached about 80% CO2 evolution in the modified Sturm test. With respect to the other criteria, DEEDMACs can be classified as readily biodegradable. In addition, a rapid and high anaerobic biodegradability of DEEDMACs was found (22). Similar results were reported from biodegradation tests with esterquats, DEQs and DTIEs. There was almost a complete mineralization and stable metabolites were not formed. 

IB CO2 Evolution (modified Sturm Test) >60% of theoretical CO2 production within 28 days and within a 10-day window after 10% CO2 is reached... 

Acid-catalyzed condensation of L-aspartic acid yields an authenticated biodegradable polymer [118] by standard biodegradation test methodology. The noncatalyzed polymerization and the ammonia/maleic acid processes give partially (ca 30 wt % residue remains in the Sturm test) biodegradable polymers due to the molecules being highly branched and more resistant to enzymatic attack. 

Calil MR, Gaboardi F, Guedes CGF, Rosa DS. Comparison of the biodegradation of poly(e-caprolactone), cellulose acetate and their blends by the Sturm test and selected cultured fungi. Polym Test 2006 25 (5) 597-604. 

These values are presented as %COj produced versus theoretical COj under the conditions of the modified Sturm Test. A %COj of 60 % after 28 days indicates the product will be largely removed in a wastewater treatment plant. A %C02 of 20-60 % indicates the product will be partially removed in a biological treatment plant. 

Biodegradation of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL), cellulose acetate (CA) and their blends using an aerobic biodegradation technique (the Sturm test) was compared [158]. The 40PCL-60CA blend showed faster biodegradation than the other blends. PCL was more susceptible to attack... 

Complete biodegradability of the product, measured through respirometric tests like ASTM D5338-92, ISO/CD14855 and CEN proposal xxl or the modified Sturm test ASTM 5209, in a time period compatible with the composting technology (few months). 

The evolution of CO2 or CH4 from a substrate represents a direct parameter of mineralisation. Therefore, gas evolution tests can be important tools in the determination of the biodegradability of polymeric materials. A number of well-known test methods have been standardised for aerobic biodegradation, such as the (modified) Sturm test [70-75] and the laboratory controlled composting test [76-79] ... 

OECD 301B, Ready Biodegradability Modified Sturm Test, Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France, 1992. 

Step 2 Determination of the biodegradability under the same conditions that predominate in the environment for the intended application, e.g., modified Sturm test for applications in aquatic ecosystems and soil degradation test for applications in agriculture. 

Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, 2nd Edition 5.3.2 Aquatic, Aerobic Biodegradation Tests 5.3.2.1 Based on Carbon Conversion ( Sturm Test)... 

---