Structured products

Composite structures fabrication requires levels and types of expertise for layup and curing that are not typically found in metals fabrication industries. Therefore, a composite structure is more of a specialist-produced structure than is a metallic structure. Layup is a totally different process that is absolutely foreign to metals production technologists. We must somehow get those people into the mainstream of composite structures manufacturing before we will see widespread composite structures production. 

Many plastic products seen in everyday life are not required to undergo sophisticated design analysis because they are not required to withstand extreme loading conditions such as creep and fatigue loads. Examples include containers cups toys boxes housings for computers, radios, televisions and the like and nonstructural or secondary structural products of various kinds in buildings, aircraft, appliances, and electronic devices. These type products require reviewing... 

Since shape integrity under load is a major consideration for structural products, low modulus plastic products are designed shape-wise for efficient use of the material to afford maximum stiffness and overcome their low modulus. These type plastics and products represent most of the plastic products produced worldwide (1,3,6, 9,10,14, 20, 28, 35, 36, 62, 64). 

The following example provides information on designing of plastic structural products to take static loads. It is a structural problem common to a number of different structures to show how the different structural requirements will affect the choice architectural designers has to make. The design problem will be a roof section which may be used for anything from a work shed,... 

However when the SF cross-section is analyzed, its composite nature still results in a twofold increase in rigidity, compared to an equivalent amount of solid plastic, since rigidity is a cubic function of wall thickness. This increased rigidity allows large structural products to be designed with only minimal distortion and deflection when stressed within the recommended values for a particular foamable plastic. 

In USA the yearly man-hours employment producing all plastic products by all processes is estimated at 650 million, second to motor vehicles at 845 million. Following plastic products (in millions) are aircraft at 570, commercial printing at 560, newspapers at 475, meat at 460, metal structural products at 350, and computers at 325. The USA plastics Industry is growing and creating jobs faster than the other manufacturing sectors. 

Decision T1194/97-3.5.2 of 15 March 2001. Data Structure Product/PHILIPS OJ EPO December 2000 515-573. 

Rather than discuss a group of specific corporations and their responses to TSCA (which vary greatly depending on their individual structures, product mixes, sizes, number of... 

Structured products, such as cosmetics, detergents, surfactant foams, inks, paints, drugs, foods and agrochemicals, combine several functions and properties in a single product. Design of these structured products involve the creation and the control of the particle size distribution in operations such as crystallization, precipitation, generation of aerosols, and nanoparticles as well as... 

Hill, M. (2004) Product and process design for structured products ... 

Initial work on the design of structured products has been presented by, for example, Meeuse et al. 2000, Wibowo and Ng, 2001, 2002. In this chapter a real life example of a process redesign project where process synthesis techniques were applied to a structured food product, is presented. First, we position this work in the framework of integrated product and process design. Then we describe how we translated existing process synthesis techniques into a useful methodology for structured products. Then the actual case study is presented. Finally some perspectives are given. 

In the mathematical optimization based approaches first a superstructure is created which has embedded a large number of alternative designs. Then mathematical techniques like MINLP are used to find the optimum process within the specified superstructure. For the products considered here there are two big hurdles preventing the large scale use of these techniques (Hill, 2004). Firstly a lot of the physico-chemical phenomena occurring are not completely understood. This makes rigorous modeling difficult. Secondly there is a lack of relevant property models for structured products. 

Heuristic based approaches are more relevant for structured products. The most well known heuristic based approach is the hierarchical decomposition method developed by Douglas (Douglas, 1988). In the first level of this method one only looks at the input-output structure of the process. In subsequent levels more detail is added, finally ending with the entire flowsheet. Design decisions are made by using heuristics and short-cut models. An alternative method is due to Siirola (1996) means end analysis. In this method the properties of the feedstock and the desired products are compared. Tasks are defined to eliminate the property differences between the feedstock and the desired product. 

Meeuse, F.M., Grievink, J., Verheijen, P.J.T. and Stappen, M.L.M. vander, 2000, Conceptual design of processes for structured products, in Malone, Trainham and Caranhan (eds) Fifth international conference on Foundations of Computer Aided Process Design, 324 - 328. 

M. Hill, 2004, Product and Process Design for Structurated Products, AIChE J., 50 (8), 1656-1661... 

The objective of this book is to help form a more clear perspective of product design through case studies from people with different backgrounds. Products ranging from molecules to structured products are considered. Also, some cases studies involve products that have been commercialized, while some are student... 

The SPL specification is a document markup standard that specifies the structure and semantics for the regulatory requirements and content of product labeling. The SPL is derived from the HL7 clinical document architecture (CDA), which specifies the structure and semantics of "clinical documents" for the purpose of exchange. This specification includes a detailed descriphon of the information model for structured product labeling objects as well as the XML representahon of that model. The information model is based on the HL7 reference informahon model (RIM) and uses the HL7 Version 3 Data Types, (see footnote ) This version of the specificahon focuses on drug product labeling. 

Biogenic Structure Product OH reaction yield Oj reaction yield... 

Proper stereoelectronic effects are required, but can lead to a variety of interesting structural products. For a somewhat dated, but readable account, see P. Deslongchamps, Stereoelectronic Effects in Organic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1983... 

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