Structure, story importance

The root of each name (highlighted in colour) serves an important function. It tells you the number of carbon atoms in the chain. The suffix -ane tells you that these compounds are alkane hydrocarbons. Thus the root and the suffix of one of these simple names provide the complete structural story of the compound. 

The chemistry of carboxylic acids is the central theme of this chapter. The importance of carboxylic acids is magnified when we realize that they are the parent compounds of a large group of derivatives that includes acyl chlorides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides. Those classes of compounds will be discussed in Chapter 20. Together, this chapter and the next tell the story of some of the most fundamental structural types and functional group transfonnations in organic and biological chemistry. 

Much of the electromagnetic spectrum has been used to investigate the structure of matter in the laboratory but the atmospheric windows restrict astronomical observations from Earth. Irritating as this is for astronomers on the ground, the chemical structure of the atmosphere and the radiation that it traps is important to the origins of life on Earth. The light that does get through the atmosphere, however, when analysed with all of the tools of spectroscopy, tells the molecular story of chemistry in distant places around the Universe. 

Despite its present stage of relative infancy, the history of chemical engineering already harbors a number of important themes. One of them is that chemical engineering, as this word is now used in the United States and a number of other countries, refers to a disciplinary and professional structure which saw its original cognitive foundations based on a new notion - that of unit operations. This point has been developed elsewhere (1) but it will be useful to summarize some of the main elements of this story to provide a suitable backdrop for the present paper. 

Adequate vitamin A is also required for the health of the surface structures of the human body skin, the lining of the digestive system, lungs, and mouth. These structures, particularly the skin, are an important part of the human defense system against infection. When they are compromised, the human body becomes increasingly susceptible to infection, a profound problem in areas of poor public health resources. This story, and what has been done in response, is beautifully told in Philip Hilts book Rxfor Survival. ... 

We learned to formulate com ethanol way back— it s nothing more than moonshine. What makes the E3 Biofuels facihty so novel isn t its spectacular equipment but the way the equipment is fueled. The most important structures here happen also to be the least beautiful a pair of four-story milhon-gallon fuel tanks, each filled to the brim with cow manure. Historically, ethanol plants were fired by coal or natural gas. But methane, produced from manure, powers this operation. Not only do no fossil fuels go into the plant, very fitde pollution comes out. It s a nearly closed energy loop (some corn has to be bought from other farms). (Khosla)... 

It is important to understand the characteristic interactions involved at an interface containing each of the main types of surface-active molecules, i.e., biopolymers (proteins, polysaccharides) and low-molecular-weight surfactants (lipids). But that is not the whole story. In real food systems there are almost always mixed ingredients at the interface. So it is necessary to understand what sorts of mixed interfacial structures are formed, and how they are influenced by the intermolecular interactions. 

A new step in this story was linked to the oligomeric oxoalkoxocomplex-es, whose role in the chemistry of alkoxides and apparently in sol-gel processing is extraordinarily important. The reliable data on these compounds were received first in the 1960s due to determination of the molecular structures of the crystalline primary products of hydrolysis such as Ti7O4(OEt)20 [457, 1414, 1719], NbgO10(OEt)20 [219, 911], and Zr1308(OMe)36 [1173] (Fig. 4.14). 

High-resolution NMR spectroscopy is demonstrably one of the most important methods of structure elucidation with an extensive range of biochemical and chemical applications. The direct linking of HPLC with NMR spectroscopy has been a remarkable success story as discussed elsewhere in this book and has transformed the technique from a research tool to the stage where routine analytical applications are possible [1,2]. As the number of HPLC-NMR systems have increased in user laboratories, there has been a logical... 

Karachalios chapter shows the fine structure and the local character of knowledge production as well as its dependence on information exchange, and the same can be said of the contribution from Blondel-Megrelis. The career of Jean Barriol after the war and the establishment of the Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory at Nancy extends the story to the period after World War II and expands it to include France. As with Bonino, Barriol regarded the interplay of theory and experiment as of utmost importance for a fruitful development of theoretical chemistry. Although after 1945 the scientific contacts of France with its allies were quite strong, illustrated by the fact that the first conference on quantum chemistry after the war was held in Paris in 1948, the establishment of Barriol s laboratory was closely connected to French... 

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