Structure-modified fabrics

Zhou et modified the plain woven fabrics by manufacturing honeycomb fabrics and by introducing leno structure and double weft insertions at given intervals. This serves to inaease inter-yam friction, via improved yam gripping, between the warp and weft yams. The stmctures are shown in Figs 6.5 and 6.6. It has been found that such structurally modified fabrics led to better ballistic protection than normal plain woven fabrics. 

The other type of nanoparticulate structure and fabrication morphology is the core-shell and associated hollow spheres. In this instance, a spherical nanostructure is established by polymerization onto a preformed nanoparticle. Different template materials have been used for fabrication. For chemical-sensing applications, the two most widely used have been silica and polystyrene, as highly monodisperse nanoparticles of these materials can be reliably synthesized. In addition, their surface chemistry can be modified to achieve different monomer interactions. Core-shell structures could be formed from the... 

The recognition sites of the modified carbon microelectrode were used to detect these electrochemically active compounds which are associated with pH fluctuations. Fast Blue RR (FBRR) contains a hydroquinoid structure. The fabricated probe was able to measure the redox activity of p-quinone to detect the real-time pH values in biological microenvironments associated with the physiological changes. A number of other quinone-based compounds are available which can respond to pH fluctuations but all these compounds are not biocompatible and efficient to detect pH changes in biological environments. 

Therefore, the use of welding as a method of fabrication may modify the corrosion behaviour of an engineering structure, and this may be further aggravated by removal of protective systems applied before welding, whilst at the same time the use of such anti-corrosion coatings may lead to difficulties in obtaining satisfactorily welded joints ... 

The use of DNA as a template to fabricate mesoscale structures was also demonstrated in a recent work of Torimoto and coworkers. They used preformed, positively charged 3-nm CdS nanoparticles with a thiocholine-modified surface to be assembled into chains by using the electrostatic interaction between positively charged nanoparticle snr-faces and the phosphate groups of DNA. As determined by TEM analysis, the CdS nanoparticles were arranged in a qnasi-one-dimensional dense packing. This revealed interparticle distances of about 3.5 nm, which is almost equal to the height of one helical tnm of the DNA double strand [98]. 

Chemical and electrochemical techniques have been applied for the dimensionally controlled fabrication of a wide variety of materials, such as metals, semiconductors, and conductive polymers, within glass, oxide, and polymer matrices (e.g., [135-137]). Topologically complex structures like zeolites have been used also as 3D matrices [138, 139]. Quantum dots/wires of metals and semiconductors can be grown electrochemically in matrices bound on an electrode surface or being modified electrodes themselves. In these processes, the chemical stability of the template in the working environment, its electronic properties, the uniformity and minimal diameter of the pores, and the pore density are critical factors. Typical templates used in electrochemical synthesis are as follows ... 

The development of catalysts for the oxidation of organic compounds by air under ambient conditions is of both academic and practical importance (1). Formaldehyde is an important intermediate in synthetic chemistry as well as one of the major pollutants in the human environment (2). While high temperature (> 120 °C) catalytic oxidations are well known (3), low temperature aerobic oxidations under mild conditions have yet to be reported. Polyoxometalates (POMs) are attractive oxidation catalysts because these extensively modifiable metal oxide-like structures have high thermal and hydrolytic stability, tunable acid and redox properties, solubility in various media, etc. (4). Moreover, they can be deposited on fabrics and porous materials to render these materials catalytically decontaminating (5). Here we report the aerobic oxidation of formaldehyde in water under mild conditions (20-40 °C, 1 atm of air or 02) in the presence of Ce-substituted POMs (Ce-POMs). 

Recently, many studies have focused on self-assembled biodegradable nanoparticles for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Nanoparticles fabricated by the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers or hydrophobically modified polymers have been explored as drug carrier systems. In general, these amphiphilic copolymers consisting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments are capable of forming polymeric structures in aqueous solutions via hydrophobic interactions. These self-assembled nanoparticles are composed of an inner core of hydrophobic moieties and an outer shell of hydrophilic groups [35, 36]. 

Only a limited range of nitro, azo and anthraquinone disperse dyes exhibit adequate fastness to dry heat, light and weathering for application on polyester automotive fabrics. The structure of Cl Disperse Yellow 86 was modified to incorporate UV absorbers of the benzophenone, benzotriazole or oxalanilide types into the dye molecule. The derived dyes showed better fastness properties than the parent unsubstituted dye. Positioning of the photostabilising moiety within the dye molecule had little influence on the light fastness obtained, however. Built-in benzophenone residues were more effective than the other two types [177]. Nevertheless, several further monoazo and nitrodiphenylamine disperse dye... 

---