Structural aspects, interfacial

In recent years, advances in experimental capabilities have fueled a great deal of activity in the study of the electrified solid-liquid interface. This has been the subject of a recent workshop and review article [145] discussing structural characterization, interfacial dynamics and electrode materials. The field of surface chemistry has also received significant attention due to many surface-sensitive means to interrogate the molecular processes occurring at the electrode surface. Reviews by Hubbard [146, 147] and others [148] detail the progress. In this and the following section, we present only a brief summary of selected aspects of this field. 

Radler JO, Koltover I, Jamieson A, Salditt T, Safinya CR (1998) Structure and interfacial aspects of self-assembled cationic lipid-DNA gene carrier complexes. Langmuir 14 4272-4283... 

In the following, we proceed to several new aspects regarding molecular resolution of adsorbed metalloproteins. In Section 5.3, we first show that close to molecular resolution of the interfacial ET patterns of some two-centre proteins is within reach. The number of intermetallic interactions and resulting microscopic reduction potentials and rate constants in metalloproteins with more than two centres is, however, prohibitively large for such resolution. In Section 5.4 we address molecular and supramolecu-lar adsorption. We show here that in situ STM and AFM, indeed do hold exciting new perspectives for this important and central structural aspect of proteins at surfaces. 

Influence of Structure on Properties. The characteristic behavior of block polymers may be thought of as a combination of properties arising from three distinct aspects of the phase structure individual phases, heterophase structure, and interfacial regions. 

In the present review, an attempt will be made to consider some of the structural aspects of interfacial adhesion using modern physical models the cluster model of the amorphous structure of polymers [10], fractal analysis [11, 12] and the model of irreversible aggregation [13]. 

The modem methods of experimental and theoretical analysis of polymer materials structure and properties allow not only to confirm earlier propounded hypotheses, but to obtain principally new results. Let us consider some important problems of particulate-filled polymer nanocomposites, the solution of which allows to advance substantially in these materials properties understanding and prediction. Polymer nanocomposites multicomponentness (multiphaseness) requires their stmctural components quantitative characteristics determination. In this aspect interfacial regions play a particular role, since it has been shown earlier, that they are the same reinforcing element in elastomeric nanocomposites as nanofiller actually [1]. Therefore, the knowledge of interfacial layer dimensional characteristics is necessary for quantitative determination of one of the most important parameters of pol5mier composites in general their reinforcement degree [2, 3]. 

Chemical structural aspects of bio-objects will not be analyzed here because the main attention in the book is focused onto the interfacial phenomena and the textural characteristics of cells, tissues, seeds, etc., analyzed using NMR, cryoporometry, and other methods. 

The goal of this chapter is to review recent advances in our understanding of the magnetic structure, the interfacial magnetism, and the origin of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) of lanthanide-transition metal nanoscale multilayers, here denoted as R/T. We do not intend to review all of the recent work on these subjects, but rather will focus on discussing either newly understood phenomena by means of a few illustrative experiments, or those aspects which are not yet understood and therefore require additional work. 

In addition to the understanding of droplet interfacial properties, the dilntion method can as well shed light on the structural aspects of the system viz, droplets dimension, their population, amphiphile compositions at the interface, etc. Snch information has been found to corroborate with results of DLS, SANS, SAXS, NMR, and other sophisticated techniques [25,26,44 and references therein]. The rationale behind such analysis along with typical results is presented in what follows. 

Courtine, P. Thermodynamic and structural aspects of interfacial effects in mild oxidation catalysts. In Solid State Chemistry in Catalysis. Grasselli, R.K. and Brazdil, J.F. Eds. ACS. Symposium Series, Vol. 279, 1985, p. 37-56. 

In a recent study, the influence of indifferent electrolytes on the adsorption behaviour of cationic soluble surfactant solutions has been investigated by surface tension measurements, ellipsometry and surface second harmonic generation (SHG). ° Each technique addresses different structural aspects and the combined data provide a detailed picture of the interfacial architecture. The analysis gives an indirect proof of the existence of a phase transition between the free and condensed state of the counterions caused by a small increase of surface charge close to the critical micelle concentration (cmc). 

Models of a second type (Sec. IV) restrict themselves to a few very basic ingredients, e.g., the repulsion between oil and water and the orientation of the amphiphiles. They are less versatile than chain models and have to be specified in view of the particular problem one has in mind. On the other hand, they allow an efficient study of structures on intermediate length and time scales, while still establishing a connection with microscopic properties of the materials. Hence, they bridge between the microscopic approaches and the more phenomenological treatments which will be described below. Various microscopic models of this type have been constructed and used to study phase transitions in the bulk of amphiphihc systems, internal phase transitions in monolayers and bilayers, interfacial properties, and dynamical aspects such as the kinetics of phase separation between water and oil in the presence of amphiphiles. 

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