Stream of electrons

The Poisson process represents only one possible way of assigning joint distribution functions to the increments of counting functions however, in many problems, one can argue that the Poisson process is the most reasonable choice that can be made. For example, let us consider the stream of electrons flowing from cathode to plate in a vacuum tube, and let us further assume that the plate current is low enough so that the electrons do not interact with one another in the... 

Stream of electrons flowing (by convention) from anodic (+) to cathodic (-) areas of a metal. Part of the overall corrosion mechanism. 

Cathode rays The stream of electrons emitted by the cathode in a vacuum tube. 

Fuel cells are electrochemical systems that convert the energy of a fuel directly into electric power. The design of a fuel cell is based on the key components an anode, to which the fuel is supplied a cathode, to which the oxidant is supplied and an electrolyte, which permits the flow of ions (but no electrons and reactants) from anode to cathode. The net chemical reaction is exactly the same as if the fuel was burned, but by spatially separating the reactants, the fuel cell intercepts the stream of electrons that spontaneously flow from the reducer (fuel) to the oxidant (oxygen) and diverts it for use in an external circuit. 

The chemical energy of the fuel is released in the form of an electrical wave instead of heat when the fuel is oxidized in an ideal electrochemical cell. Many investigators believe that a stream of electrons produces the electricity cmrent however, it should not be forgotten that an electron always has a particle-wave character, which when transferring throngh an electrical condnctor is a wave not a particle, i.e., an electron, during electrical crrrrent (Demirbas, 2002). 

For the purposes of discussion, we distinguish between two types of electric conductance metallic and electrolytic, the first being a stream of electrons, as in a copper wire, the second being a stream of ions, as in the case of a salt solution in water. In this case, positive ions will drift in the direction of the cathode, whereas negative ions will drift in the direction of the anode. 

The electrons are emitted by the ttmgsten filament E, accelerated toward the gauze G, and pass into the ionization chamber H. The potential between E and F is kept constant and, whenever desirable, the potential between F and G is varied. While varying the applied potential, a more constant stream of electrons should be obtained, with the extra gauze G, than with only one gauze thereby causing a sharper break in the ioniza-... 

In the fall of 1934, Dr. Grosse reduced this pure oxide by two methods and obtained from it the metal protactinium, which is even rarer than radium, but much more permanent in air. In die first method, he bombarded the oxide on a copper target, in a high vacuum, with a stream of electrons. After a few hours, he obtained a shiny, partly sintered, metallic mass, stable in air. In his second method, he converted the oxide to the iodide (or chloride or bromide) and cracked it in a high vacuum on an electrically heated tungsten filament, according to the reaction ... 

Cathode rays A stream of electrons emitted by a cathode, or negative electrode, of a gas-discharge tube or by a hot filament in a vacuum tube, such as a television tube. 

Electron Diffraction (Elektronenbeugung in Ger). t is the investigation of the structure of a surface of a substance by the diffraction (bending) of a stream of electrons directed ... 

The cathode ray—a stream of electrons—has found a great number of applications. Most notably, a traditional television set (not the modern, thin, LCD screens) is a cathode ray tube with one end widened out into a phosphor-coated screen. Signals from the television station cause electrically charged plates in the tube to control the direction of the ray such that images are traced onto the screen. 

CATHODE. I. In general, the electrode at which positive current leaves a device which employs electrical conduction other than that through solids. 2. In an election tube, the electrode through which a primary stream of electrons enters the inter-electrode space. 3. The negative terminal of an electroplating cell (i.e., the electrode from which electrons enter the cell, and thus at which positively charged ions (cations) are discharged). 4. The positive terminal of a battery. See also Batteries. 

A curreni of electricity In an electronic conductor is due to a stream of electrons, particles of. subatomic size, and ihe current causes no net transfer of niatrer. The flow is. therefore, in a direction contrary to what is conventionally known as Ihe direction of the current. In electrolytic conductors, flic carriers are charged particles of atomic or molecular size called ions, and under a potential gradient, a transfer of matter occurs. 

Simply, a quadrupole mass spcciromcier can be divided into three parts (I) the ionizer. (2 the mass tiller, and ( the detector, all of which are contained in a vacuum chamber maiillained at a low pressure. When a gaseous sample is inlroduced inio the system s ionizer, it is bombarded with a stream of electrons, producing positively charged parent ions (ions with the same molecular weight as the neutral molecule), and fragment ions. The ionizer lias a scries nl lenses lhal serve lo collimate the cloud of sample molecules toward the mass filter. 

FIGURE B.5 A close-up of the glowing path formed by a stream of electrons near a cathode in a simple cathode-ray tube, an apparatus like that used by Thomson. Note the cathode ray and the deflection of the ray by a magnetic field. 

In an electron microscope, a stream of electrons is formed by the electron source and is accelerated toward the specimen using a positive electric potential. The stream is focused into a thin, monochromatic beam by using metal apertures and magnetic lenses. The electron beam interacts with the specimen and the effects of these interactions are detected and transformed into an image. 

X-rays are produced by allowing a stream of electrons to strike against a metal plate. Fig. 17 shows an X-ray tube used for the production of X-rays. 

A narrow stream of electrons in a vacuum was allowed to fall on the surface of a crystal of nickel. It was found that the electrons were reflected strongly only when the inclination of the stream of electrons to the surface of the crystal had certain definite values, just as when X-rays are reflected from a crystal. 

In the apparatus shown in Fig. 4 a narrow stream of electrons travels along the tube until it hits the glass. This stream of particles can be deflected by means of electric or magnetic forces as we have seen. On the wave theory the stream of electrons is to be thought of as a narrow beam or ray of waves,... 

In Fig. 38 let AB be a metal screen with a small hole of diameter d in it at O. Also suppose a stream of electrons falls on the plate in a direction perpendicular to its surface, with velocity v. Consider an electron which has just got through the hole. 

In a mass spectrometer, elements that are not gases are vaporized by heating. Next, the gas atoms are ionized. In electron impact ionization, the gas atoms are bombarded with a stream of electrons from a heated filament. These electrons collide with the gas atoms, causing each atom to lose an electron and become a positive ion. 

De Broglie s theory was proven by experiment when streams of electrons produced diffraction patterns similar to those produced by electromagnetic radiation, which was already known to travel in waves. 

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