Strategy for measurements

In the frame of monitoring programmes, radiation measurements are performed at the source, in the environment and in laboratories, under 

Judgemental sampling Sample is taken on the judgement of the sampling person Increased probability of biased sampling representativeness cannot be quantified accuracy cannot be quantified 

Simple random sampling Any sample has the same probability of being included Provides representativeness problems may arise with inhomogeneous terrain 

Stratified sampling The sample in its entirety is divided into parts that are known to be more homogeneous simple random sampling is then applied to the remaining subdivisions Requires knowledge of the inhomogeneity of the entire sample may lead to bias if the fractions of the samples are not properly estimated 

Systematic sampling Starting from a randomly selected point, sampling follows a strict predefined sampling grid In comparison with random samphng, easier to implement in practice spatial contamination patterns may be overlooked 

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Significant progress in experimental techniques has been made in the time since Lossing s initial reports. In addition to technical improvements in the experimental methods that have been used, there has also been creative development of new strategies for measuring thermochemical properties of a wider range of targets. 

A different strategy for measuring protease activity is based on the property of xanthene dyes to form H-type dimers (see Sect. 6.2.3) when they are in close proximity. These dimers are accompanied with a characteristic quenching of their fluorescence and, particularly for rhodamines, with a blue shift in the absorption spectrum [121, 122]. The probe D-NorFES-D designed to measure activity of elastase in HL-60 cells consists of an undecapeptide derivatized with one tetramethylrhodamine dye on each side. The sequence contains proline residues to create a bent structure and bring the two fluoro-phores in close proximity. Intact D-NorFES-D shows 90% of its fluorescence quenched plus a blue shift of the absorption spectrum. After addition of the serine protease elastase, an increase in the fluorescence and a bathochromic shift of the absorption spectrum is observed, resulting in an increase in the emission ratio [80],... 

Strategies for measuring FRET using spectral imaging... 

Many of the strategies for measuring FRET from spectral images that were mentioned above have been implemented to study FRET. We will now cover sRET [12], a specific implementation that uses the last approach where FRET is measured from a pair of spectral images collected at different excitation wavelengths. Recently, the sRET approach has been extended to explicitly consider paired and unpaired fluorophores, the impact of incomplete labeling (or for fluorescent proteins fractional maturation), and the... 

Figures 4.9(a) and (b) show two measurement strategies for measuring Su. One is a Bunsen burner and the other is a burner described by Botha and Spalding [6]. In the...

The rate of clearance of a tracer following its injection into a tissue provides an alternative strategy for measuring blood flow. The rate of clearance gives a... 

Now, an exact temperature measurement of the air before and after the reaction is difficult. However, if we could insulate a portion of the surroundings, to isolate and trap the heat, we could calculate a useful quantity, the heat of the reaction. Experimental strategies for measuring temperature change and calculating heats of reactions, termed calorimetry, are discussed in Section 8.2. 

The techniques which were developed for the mechanistic studies in Fig. 3 taught us how to compare the reactivity pairs of NPGs. Thus a/p pairs of armed and disarmed analogs were allowed to compete for an insufficient amoxmt of NBS [54]. The unreacted substrates were recovered, the ratio measured by HPLC, and the values used to compute relative reactivity rates. Some results are shown in Fig. 4 [54]. Strategies for measuring relative reactivity rates of donors by NMR and HPLC were independently developed by the groups of Ley [55] and Wong [56], respectively. 

Phase 5 - Metrics, training and improvement plans This phase is to review the strategy for measuring the performance of MOC, through key performance indicators and, where necessary, implementing improvements to the process. 

An alternative strategy for measuring apoptosis is the use of antibodies directed toward the enzymes involved in apoptosis. As caspase-3 activation occurs in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, the use of caspase-3 immunohisto-chemical staining is a common method used in measuring apoptosis. Because caspase-3 is not activated in necrosis, the immunohistochemical measurement of activated caspase-3 provides a sensitive method for measuring apoptosis. 

The sampling strategy for measuring diesel exhaust emissions includes ambient and personal sampling to determine the gaseous and particulate concentrations in the raw exhaust and the in-mine work environment. Raw exhaust from diesel engines is measured in terms of voliune and gas content (CO, nitric oxide [NO], and NO2). Electronic equipment can be used to accurately measure gaseous component levels. 

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