Strategies in Using the Systems Approach

The systems approach stresses die importance of attention/ awareness as an activating energy within any d-SoC. Yet if we ask 

This last point is not an academic issue enormous numbers of people are now personally experimenting with d-ASCs to attain some of these potentials. While much gain will undoubtedly come out of this personal experimentation, we should also expect much loss. 

As we have seen, what for one individual is a d-ASC may, for another individual, be merely part of the region of his ordinary d-SoC, one continuous experiential space. By following the common experimental procedure of using group data rather than data from individual subjects, we can (see Chapter 9) get the impression of continuity (one d-SoC) when two or more d-SoCs actually occurred within the experimental procedure. We should indeed search for general laws of the mind that hold across 

Recognizing the importance of individual differences has many applications outside the laboratory. If a friend tries some spiritual technique and has a marvelous experience as a result, and you try the same technique with no result, there is not necessarily something wrong with you. Rather, because of differences in the structures of your ordinary d-SoCs, that particular technique mobilizes attention/awareness energy in an effective way to produce a certain experience for him, but is not an effective technique for you. 

Operationalism is a way of rigorously defining some concept by describing the actual operations required to produce it. Thus an operational definition of the concept of nailing is defined by the operations (1) pick up a hammer in your right hand (2) pick up a nail in your left hand (3) put the point of the nail on a wood surface and hold the nail perpendicular to the wood surface (4) strike the head of the nail with the hammer and then lift the hammer again and (5) repeat step 4 until the head of the nail is flush with the surface of the wood. An operational definition is a precise definition, allowing total reproducibility. 

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Tjoa and Biegler (1991) used this formulation within a simultaneous strategy for data reconciliation and gross error detection on nonlinear systems. Albuquerque and Biegler (1996) used the same approach within the context of solving an error-in-all-variable-parameter estimation problem constrained by differential and algebraic equations. 

We can thus conclude that the use of IMOMO schemes for the calculation of RSE values equates to combining absolute RSE values calculated at a high level of theory for a small core system with changes in RSE values through introduction of new substituents at some lower theoretical level. The results obtained with this strategy for radical 12 are summarized in Table 5.3. The RSE of radical 12 can be determined directly at G3(MP2)-RAD level and amounts to - -85.5kJ/mol. Using the IMOMO approach, the RSE of benzyl radical 11 at G3(MP2)-RAD level of - -61.0kJ/mol is combined with the difference of the RSE values of radicals 12 and 11 at ROMP2 level (79.8 52.5 = 27.3 kJ/mol) to yield RSE(IMOMO,... 

This book also discusses methodological problems in research from the point of view of the systems approach for example, the way in which experiential observations of consciousness and transitions from one d-SoC to another can be made and the shifts in research strategies that this approach calls for. The systems approach can also be applied within the ordinary d-SoC to deal with identity states, those rapid shifts in the central core of a person s identity and concerns that are overlooked for many reasons, and emotional states. Similarly the systems approach indicates that latent human potential can be developed and used in various d-ASCs, so that learning to shift into the d-ASC appropriate for dealing with a particular problem is part of psychological growth. At the opposite extreme, certain kinds of psychopathology, such as multiple personality, can be treat as d-ASCs. 

Zeolites were already employed as templates in the synthesis of microporous carbon with ordered structures.[247] The discovery of ordered mesoporous silica materials opened new opportunities in the synthesis of periodic carbon structures using the templating approach. By employing mesoporous silica structures as hard templates, ordered mesoporous carbon replicas have been synthesized from a nanocasting strategy. The synthesis is quite tedious and involves two main steps (i) Preparation and calcination of the silica mesophase, and (ii) filling the silica pore system by a carbon precursor, followed by the carbonization and selective removal of the silica framework. 

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