Stock biomass

SCAR experience of pooling marine environmental data from many contributors in the Biological Investigation of Marine Antarctic Species and Stocks (BIOMASS) database (14) showed that one of the major problems was that of data validation to ensure comparability of data. Existing environmental data are unlikely to be comparable between data sets and the value of these data will need to be assessed before embarking upon the collection of new environmental data. It will probably... 

FIGURE 18.15 Spawning stock biomasses of cod and sprat of the Baltic Sea and cod of the central Baltic Sea. Mind the different ordinate scales for sprat and cod, data derived from ICES (2006). 

Axenrot, T., Hansson, S., 2003. Predicting herring recruitment from young-of-the-year densities, spawning stock biomass, and climate. Limnology and Oceanography, 48, 1716-1720. 

Kindermann, G. E., I. McCallum, S. Fritz and M. Obersteiner (2008) A global forest growing stock. Biomass and carbon map based on FAO statistics. Silva Fennica 42, 387-396 Kiss, G., E. Tombacz and H.-Chr. Hansson (2005) Surface tension effects of humic-like substances in the aqueous extract of tropospheric fine aerosol. Journal of Atmospheric... 

Although prediction of standing stock biomass is generally difficult due to the variation of biologic phenomenon, it is possible to predict the variations of phytoplankton to some extent from factors such as water temperature, light, 4... 

These observations indicate that it is essential to preserve sectors of different latitudes and altitudes in the Pedemontana Jungle, since there are intrinsic factors that are defining differential features in the biomass and carbon stock, as well as, in every ecosystem functions associated with these particular conditions [40], Other authors have already pointed out that the recommendation in all cases is to maintain connectivity of Yungas in distribution, safeguarding different sectors of the Pedemontana Jungle, varying in latitude and altitude [27]. 

Liquefaction of wet biomass streams is done by hydrothermal processes at elevated pressures. The feed stocks for these high pressure liquefaction processes are slurries of biomass particles and water. Feeding these slurries into the high pressure equipment, at reasonable costs, is an important hurdle in the process development. For example, the reported operating conditions for high pressure liquefaction are in the range 280-360 °C and 90-250 bar [25, 26]. Under these conditions, biomass is converted, in a complex sequence of chemical reactions, into various compounds. Upon cooling, the reactor effluent consists of three... 

The entire phytoplankton biomass of the global oceans is consumed every 2 days to 2 weeks. Thus, the standing stock tells us little about how much organic... 

The biomass characteristics already described, namely 50% moisture content and heterogeneity, introduce many materials handling problems. The importance of scale should also be noted—the largest biomass processing plants are pulp mills of around 2000 ton/day of product or about 6000 t/day of dry feed stock. In electrical energy terms, the average Canadian pulp mill of 1200 t/day would correspond to an electrical station of 150 MWq (70-85% utilisation) or the production of about 1100... 

Of the many factors which influence product yields in a fluid catalytic cracker, the feed stock quality and the catalyst composition are of particular interest as they can be controlled only to a limited extent by the refiner. In the past decade there has been a trend towards using heavier feedstocks in the FCC-unit. This trend is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. It is therefore important to study how molecular types, characteristic not only of heavy petroleum oil but also of e.g. coal liquid, shale oil and biomass oil, respond to cracking over catalysts of different compositions. 

The oil derived from biomass was liquefied with the PERC process, extracted with decalin, hydroprocessed at 370 0, and the fraction boiling above 350 C (BMO) was separated by distillation (16). A hydroprocessed mixture of North sea and Arabian light vaccum gas oil (HVGO) was used as a "base line", i.e. a typical FCC feed stock. 

Discussion. Characterization of biomass oil with bonded phase chromatography could only be done after deoxygenation. This resulted in an FCC-feed stock with a high content of aromatics. Similar results have been obtained by Elliot and Baker (20). 

The initial and final standing stocks are those calculated for the beginning and end of one day, respectively. An assimilation constant for each of the filtered food components is used to calculate the amount of food that is assimilated into filter-feeder standing stock. The biomass of filter-feeders that are consumed by carnivores is calculated as ... 

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