Stereotypes

Day after day, patients appear in the pharmacy asking for a herbal tea for a particular kind of condition. When the pharmacist asks the routine question whether a simple" herbal tea or a special mixed tea or a tea bag or an instant tea is wanted, mostly the stereotyped answer comes back You know which is the best one. Give me that one ... 

The relatively simple study of fluorescence and phosphorescence (based on the action of colour centres) has nowadays extended to nonlinear optical crystals, in which the refractive index is sensitive to the light intensity or (in the photorefractive variety (Agullo-Lopez 1994) also to its spatial variation) a range of crystals, the stereotype of which is lithium niobate, is now used. 

Avoid violation of cultural stereotypes. A cultural stereotype is the way most people in a culture expect things to work. 

What people expect varies with the culture. While culture may be difficult to define, we can make plants inherently safer by designing them with knowledge of the cultural stereotypes of the employees. 

Pump maintenance steps were performed from memory without a checklist or independent checki ng. Two types of pumps were being maintained the other type did not require bearing maintenance. Thi.s mix up of procedures is called a "stereotype error. ... 

The fact that the worker normally operated reactor B, and he reverted to this operating mode when distracted, indicates that the internal error mechanism was a Stereotype Takeover. 

It can be seen that the various boxes in the flowchart can be associated with different stages of the stepladder model. For example, the first box on the left corresponds to skill-based behavior and its associated internal failure mechanisms. The second box illustrates the situation (Stereotype Fixation) where the worker erroneously does not change to a rule-based mode when encountering an unusual situation in the skill-based mode (see also the discussion of the GEMS model in Section 2.6.3). 

The PIFs increased the likelihood of the strong stereotype takeover in the case study were the fact that the worker was more used to operating the valve for reactor B than reactor A, together with the distracting environment. In addition, the panel was badly designed ergonomically, and valves A and B were poorly labeled and quite close physically. On the basis of the evaluation of the PIFs in the situation, the internal error mechanisms could be stereotype takeover or spatial misorientation. 

Compatibility with Personnel Expectations Compatibility refers to the degree of similarity between the direction of physical movement of a control or an instrument indicator and the worker s expectations. Many errors are due to the fact that the operation of the controls or the layout of the displays is incompatible with population stereotypes. For instance, on a control panel it is customary to increase the value of a parameter by turning the appropriate switch clockwise and reduce its value by turning it coimterclockwise. (Note that this stereotype is the opposite for controls which control flow directly, e.g., valves.) If such a stereotype is violated, errors may occur. Although such errors may be recoverable in the short run, under the stress of a process transient they may lead to serious consequences. 

Stereotype takeover Reversion to an habitual or preprogrammed mode of behaviour derived from past experience with a similar, yet in some respects different, situation. 

Planning Plan success path Wrong Task May be Selerted due to Shortcuts in Reasoning and Stereotyped Response to Familiar State... 

Internal Error Mechanism The psychological process (e.g., strong stereotype takeover) that underlies an external error mode. 

Population Stereotype Expectations held by a particular population with regard to the expected movement of a control or instrument indicator and the results or implications of this movement... 

Stereotype Fixation Occurs when an individual misapplies rules or procedures that are usually successful. 

Stereotype Takeover Occurs when an incorrect but highly practiced action is substituted for a correct but less frequently occurring action in a similar task. Also called a strong habit intrusion. 

Klippe./. cliff, rock, crag bluff reef. Klippfisch, m. stockfish, dried fish, klirren, v.i. clink, clatter, rattle, scratch, Klischee, n. engraved plate, stereotype, cliche electrotype, electro. 

An Action Potential is a stereotyped (within a given cell) change of the membrane potential from a resting... 

Mentoring relationships have an even greater positive impact on career success for blacks than for whites. Both cross-race and same-race mentoring relationships provide career support. However, same-race relationships provide more psychosocial support and have shorter and easier initiation periods. Blacks tend to receive most of their mentoring support from other blacks, with other groups being less involved. There is also evidence that cross-race mentees are treated differently by mentors due to cultural stereotypes. 

Discrimination can take many forms, but, as pointed out in Chapter 4, all types are likely to be the result of stereotypical thinking and behaviour present in organizations coupled with institutional discrimination. Variations of sexual, racial or disability discrimination within mentoring programs include the following ... 

Single fusion events of glutamatergic vesicles have been then monitored by following FM 4-64 destaining (Fig. 12.2), a sequence of the stereotyped fluorescence... 

Cardioembolism Cardioembolism accounts for approximately 30% of all stroke and 25-30% of strokes in the young (age <45 years)." AF accounts for a large proportion of these strokes (15-25%). Symptoms may be suggestive, but they are not diagnostic. Repetitive, stereotyped, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are unusual in embolic stroke. The classic presentation for cardioembolism is the sudden onset of maximal symptoms. The size of the embolic material determines, in part, the course of the embolic material. Small emboli can cause retinal ischemic or lacunar symptoms. Posterior cerebral artery territory infarcts, in particular, are often due to cardiac embolism. This predilection is not completely consistent across the various cardiac structural abnormalities that predispose to stroke, and may be due to patterns of blood flow associated with specific cardiac pathologies. 

In addition, amphetamine eauses hallueinations in humans similar to those in sehizophrenia and in rats it induees stereotyped behaviour (rearing, grooming and sniffing). This is dependent on the release of DA and bloeked by the neurolepties, whieh are DA antagonists. 

The most consistent and potent antagonism of amphetamine effects on increased motor activity and stereotyped movements is obtained with antagonists at dopamine receptors of the D2 subtype (Creese et al. 1982). This is not the case with amphetamine s disruptive effects on social and aggressive behavior. So far, no antagonists have been identified that reverse amphetamine s disruption of sexual, play, maternal, or aggressive behavior. 

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