Stem necrosis

In this section, I will examine endemism within the cactus stem necrosis commimity, which has been sampled far more extensively than either the cactus flower or cactus fruit necrosis communities. The first evidence for endemism I present is the taxonomic makeup of the community. The basis for this overview is a compilation of data from two sources 3451 strains isolated by me (with the help acknowledged below) and 5159 strains isolated by Dr William T. Starmer and his co-workers (Starmer et al., 1990). The total of 8610 strains includes only strains that belong to described taxa (species and varieties) or to known taxa that have not been published as ofyet. Almost all come from North and South America, the Caribbean Islands and Austraha. 

Schieber, E., and Echandi, E. (1963). Myrothecium stem necrosis and leaf spot, a new disease of coffee in Guatemala. Phytopath. 53,... 

Rempel SA, Dudas S, Ge S, Gutierrez JA (2000) Identification and localization of the cytokine SDFl and its receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4, to regions of necrosis and angiogenesis in human glioblastoma. Chn Cancer Res 6 102-111 Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke ME, Weissman IL (2001) Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414 105-111... 

Tetanus occurs when Cl. tetani, ubiquitous in the soil and faeces, contaminates wounds, especially deep puncture-type lesions. These might be minor traumas such as a splinter, or major ones such as battle injury. At these sites, tissue necrosis and possibly microbial growth reduce the oxygen tension to allow this anaerobe to multiply. Its growth is accompanied by the production of a highly potent toxin which passes up peripheral nerves and diSuses locally within the central nervous system. It acts like strychnine by affecting normal function at the synapses. Since the motor nerves of the brain stem are the shortest, the cranial nerves are the first affected, with twitches of the eyes and spasms of the jaw (lockjaw). 

The application of two of these inhibitors, N(O-hydroxyphenyl) sulfi-namoyl-tertiobutyl acetate and N(O-aminophenyl) sulfinamoyl-tertiobutyl acetate, to highly resistant wheat leaves infected with an avirulent strain of stem rust resulted in decreased lignification and decreased necrosis of penetrated host cells and concomitantly led to increased fungal development, occasionally even allowing some sporulation to occur (60). 

Reversal of the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells by tumor necrosis factor alpha in collagen-induced arthritis Djouad, F., Fritz, V., Apparailly, F., Louis-Plence, P., Bony, C., Sany, J., Jorgensen, C., Noel, D. (2005). Arthritis Rheum, 52... 

MIC caused dose-dependent necrosis of brain cells and muscle cells (Anderson et al, 1988) of rats in culture these findings could explain neuromuscular complaints in Bhopal victims. Exposure of mice to 1-3 ppm MIC was found to inhibit erythroid precursors, pluripotent stem cells and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor recovery from this inhibitory effect was found within 3 weeks after 1 ppm but not after 3 ppm (Hong et al, 1987). At higher concentrations of 6-15 ppm, MIC inhibited cell cycling in bone marrow, alveolar cells, and T lymphocytes (Conner et al., 1987 Shelby et al, 1987) similar data were reported by others (Tice et al, 1987 Mason et al, 1987). MIC can inhibit bone marrow cell proliferation in mice (Meshram and Rao, 1988). MIC can cause necrosis in whole-brain cell cultures (Anderson et al, 1990) and inhibit differentiation in muscle cell cultures (Anderson et al, 1988). 

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