Stellated

Sinomenine, CjgHjsO N. This alkaloid, first isolated by Ishiwari, has been investigated by Kondo and by Goto. It crystallises in stellate groups of needles and has two melting-points, 161° and 182°. The specific rotation [ajff is — 70-76° (EtOH). The hydrochloride, B. HCl. 2H2O,... 

Edwards, J.G., Cambell, G., Carr, M Edwards, C.C. (1993). Shapes of cells spreading on fibronectin Measurement of the stellation of BHK21 cells induced by raising cyclic AMP, and of its reversal by erum and lysophosphatidic acid. J. Cell Sci. 104,399-407. 

Yang X, Lu P, Ishida Y, Kuziel WA, Fujii C, Mukaida N. Attenuated liver tumor formation in the absence of CCR2 with a concomitant reduction in the accumulation of hepatic stellate cells, macrophages and neovascularization. Int J Cancer 2006 118 335-345. 

Philalethes, Eirenaeus. "Preparations of the sophic mercury. Experiments for the preparation of the sophic mercury, by Luna and the Antimonial Stellate Regulus of Mars, for the Philosopher s Stone. Written by Eirenaeus Philalethes, an Englishman, and a Cosmopolite." In Collectanea chemica, 149-160., 1893.rhttp //pwp.netcabo.pt/r.petrinus/experiments-e.htm1. 

Chor SY, Hui AY, To KF, et al. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of herbal medicine on hepatic stellate cell. J Ethnopharmacol 2005 100 180-186. 

The P-C isomer selectivity seems to be tissue-specific a preferential uptake of the all-trans isomer was shown in hepatic stellate HSC-T6 cells and in cell-free system from rat liver microsomes, but not in endothelial EAHY cells or U937 monocyte-macrophages (During et al., 2002). When Caco-2 cells were incubated with only 9-cis P-C, all -trans P-C did not increase in cells or in the basolateral medium, indicating that there is no cis-trans isomerization occurring in intestinal cells. Thus, the isomerization of 9-cis P-C observed in vivo (You et al., 1996) could take place in the... 

Kristensen DB et al. Proteome analysis of rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2000 32 266-277. 

Postmortem findings include lymph nodes that are enlarged, fibrotic, and abscessed the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea show nodules, ulcers, and stellate scars the lungs have seed-like (miliary), firm, rounded, encapsulated gray nodules resembling tubercles as well as cutaneous lesions. 

In 1846, Virchow first recognized the existence in the CNS of a fragile, non-nervous, interstitial component made up of stellate or spindle-shaped cells, morphologically distinct from neurons, which he named neuroglia, or... 

Park, E.-J., Zhao, Y.-Z., Kim, J., and Sohn, D. H. (2006). A ginsenoside metabolite 20-O-P-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, triggers apoptosis in activated rat hepatic stellate cells via caspase-3 activation. Planta Med. 11,1250-1253. 

Abbreviations AFP, a-fetoprotein CK, cytokeratin ECM, extracellular matrix EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor, HSC, hepatic stellate cell MFB, myofibroblast M2-PK, M2-pyruvate kinase PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor TGF, transforming growth factor. 

Mikula M, Proell V, Fischer AN, Mikulits W (2006). Activated hepatic stellate cells induce tumor progression of neoplastic hepatocytes in a TGF-beta dependent fashion. J Cell Physiol 209 560-567. 

Proell V, Mikula M, Fuchs E, MIMIts W (2005). The plasticity of pl9 ARF null hepatic stellate cells and the dynamics of activation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1744 76-87. 

Figure 4.1. Schematic representation of the architecture of the liver. Blood enters the liver through the portal vein (PV) and hepatic arteries (HA), flows through the sinusoids, and leaves the liver again via the central vein (CV). KC, Kupffer cells SEC, sinusoidal endothelial cells HSC, hepatic stellate cells BD, bile duct. Modified from reference 98.

Figure 4.2. Diagram outlining the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Injury to parenchymal cells (PC) results in the activation of Kupffer cells (KC) and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) and the recruitment of inflammatory cells (IC). These cells release cytokines, growth factors and reactive oxygen species that induce activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). HSCs gradually transform into myofibroblasts (MF), the major producers of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins.

When the receptor binding domain is encoded in a small peptide sequence, the peptide hg-and can also be synthesized and conjugated chemically to the carrier protein. This approach was followed in our laboratory by Beljaars et al. for the development of carriers aimed at the hepatic stellate cell, a cell type involved in liver fibrosis [33] (see also Chapter 4). A peptide sequence derived from the receptor binding domains of collagen VI was incorporated into a cyclic peptide homing device, and subsequently conjugated to lysine residues of HSA. This carrier bound selectively to activated hepatic stellate cells and rapidly accumulated in the livers of fibrotic rats. 

The most abundant cell type in the liver is the hepatocyte, other cells in the liver are the non-parenchymal cells Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages of the liver, endothelial cells and stellate cells. These cells have been discussed in more detail in Chapter 4. 

Isolation from human liver of other cell types, such as Kupffer, endothelial and stellate cells has also been developed and extensively reviewed [29-31]. 

---