Steel tire cord composition

Steel tire cord is manufactured from high-quality steel, which is necessary because of the performance demands to which tires are subjected. The composition of a typical steel cord is illustrated in Table 14.5. The key mechanical properties governing a steel cord or wire are its tensile strength, elongation, and bending stiffness. A tire cord construction is normally defined by the structure, the length of lay, and the direction of lay. The hill description of a steel cord is given by... 

Iron is used to produce steel tire cord for tires and cable for rubber conveyor belts. It is also used to make rubber metal composites for dynamic applications for automobiles and machinery. 

These copolymers have a wide range of possible applications. DHA-co-4VP and DHA-co-NVP copolymers are excellent for rubber-steel and rubber-polyester adhesive systems respectively. In addition, quaternized DHA-co-4VP copolymers promote strong adhesion of rubber to polyester tire cord in vulcanized composites. 

In essence, a tire is a composite of complex elastomer formulations, fibers, textiles, and steel cord. The term tire structure defines the number, location, and dimensions of the various components used in a tire s composition. The primary components that govern the performance of a tire are the casing plies, bead construction, belts, sidewall, inner liner, and tread. Chafers, flippers, and overlays, which are strips of rubberized fabric located in the bead and crown area of the tire, are termed secondary components because they protect the primary components by minimizing stress concentrations (Ford and Charles, 1988 Davison, 1969). 

A total of four types of recycled fiber plus two types of virgin fiber were used as the reinforcement in concrete. Three recycled fibers were obtained from disposed tires and one from carpet waste. The tire fibers included two types of tire fabrics composed of polymeric tire cords, tire-rubber strips which were the main component of tires, and tire steel fibers which were the radial steel reinforcement of tires. The fibers from carpet waste contained backing fibers (nsually polypropylene), latex adhesive particles, and a small amount of face fibers. In addition, hooked end steel fibers and FiberMesh polypropylene fibers were also used as virgin fibers for comparison. Recycled fiber volume fractions in each composite were fixed at 2% except that the tire steel fiber and the virgin fibers (steel fiber and FiberMesh) were used at a 1 vol%. 

Since belted radial tires were introduced in 1948 by Michelin, steel as well as polyester and aramid have been used to make the tire cord for the radial belt. Steel has historically also been used to make the bead wire in tire construction. In addition, steel has been used to manufacture the cable that is used in making rubber mining conveyor belts. Lastly, in the automotive industry, many times rubber parts are made that are composites of rubber and steel. Examples of these parts are seen with motor mounts and bushings. 

Cord materials such as nylon, polyester, and steel wire conventionally used in tires are twisted and therefore exhibit a nonlinear stress—strain relationship. The cord is twisted to provide reduced bending stiffness and achieve high fatigue performance for cord—mbber composite stmcture. The detrimental effect of cord twist is reduced tensile strength. Analytical studies on the deformation of twisted cords and steel wire cables are available (22,56—59). The tensile modulus E of the twisted cord having diameter D and pitchp is expressed as follows (60) ... 

A tire is essentially a cord-rubber composite. Tires have plies of reinforcing cords extending transversely from bead to bead, on top of which is a belt located below the tread. The belt cords have low extensibility and are made of steel and fabric depending on the tire application. The belt cords are at a relatively low angle, between 12° and 25°, and serve as restrictions to the 90° casing pUes. 

A tire is a textile-steel-rubber composite the steel and textile cords reinforce the rubber and are the primary load-carrying structures within the tire. Because of the performance demands of fatigue resistance, tensile strength, durability, and resilience, seven principal materials have been found suitable for tire application cotton, rayon, nylon, polyester, steel, fiberglass, and aramid the latter three materials find primary usage in the tire crown or belt region. 

The brass process makes use of the fact that electrodeposited brass of certain composition and crystal structure is capable of directly bonding rubber mixtures, providing their composition is compatible with the adhesion process [77]. Whereas today the brass process is of only minor significance for the production of rubber-metal composites, it is widely used in tire manufacture for bonding the bead wires and for bonding the carcass mixture of steel cord. 

Iron ore is extremely important to the manufacture of steel, which is important in the rubber industry. In tire manufacture, steel is necessary for the production of steel cord for radial tires. Also, it is used to manufacture steel cable in the rubber belt industry. Many dynamic rubber parts or components are actually composites of rubber and steel. 

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