Steel Plate Materials

The recommended maximum vessel wall temperature for the usual carbon steel plate materials is 1100°F. Where vessels are fabricated from alloy materials, the value for T(o should be changed to a more appropriate recommended maximum [33a]. 

The need to specify deoxidation and steelmaking techniques more closely for carbon steel plate material is now recognized to some degree in standard specifications. 

RPV shell plate material specifications have evolved since the beginning of the commercial nuclear power industry in the mid-1950s. Due to safety concerns for nuclear RPVs, cautious steel-making was paramount, as well as careful RPV fabrication and welding practices. Nevertheless, the need for familiarity in steel-making and fabrication processes initially led to the selection and use of old steels typical of prior (non-nuclear) pressure vessel service. Table 1.1 lists the principal steel plate materials used in construction of nuclear RPV components. All of the plate materials used... 

The core shroud separates the upward flow of coolant through the reactor core from the downward recirculation flow. The core shroud is an assembly of cylinders fabricated from rolled and welded stainless steel plate material, which encompasses the reactor core as shown in Figure 2-15. For the replaced core shrouds of Japanese BWRs and the ABWR core shrouds, a forged ring material is used to decrease the weld lines. Typical core shroud weld locations are shown in Figure 2-15. Shell sections are normally solution heat treated, cold formed and joined with longitudinal and circumferential welds. The steam separator/shroud... 

S. Koeszegi, I. Felhoesi and E. Kalman, GD-OES and electrochemical study of Ce containing conversion layers of hot dip galvanised and by Sendzimir process continuously hot dip galvanised steel plates . Materials and Corrosion, 59, 744, (2008). 

Vacuum-Shelf Dryers Vacuum-shelf diyers are indirec t-heated batch diyers consisting of avacuumtight chamber usually constructed of cast iron or steel plate, heated, supporting shelves within the chamber, a vacuum source, and usually a condenser. One or two doors are provided, depending on the size of the chamber. The doors are sealed with resihent gaskets of rubber or similar material (Fig. 12-49). 

To avoid decarburization and Assuring of the carbon and low-alloy steels, which is cumulative with time and, for all practical purposes irreversible, the limitations of the Nelson Curves should be followed religiously, as a minimum. Suitable low-alloy plate materials include ASTM-A204-A, B, and C and A387-A, B, C, D, and E, and similarly alloyed materials for pipe, tubes, and castings, depending upon stream temperatures and hydrogen partial pressures, as indicated by the Nelson Curves. 

The maximum allowable stress values at normal temperature range for the steel plates most commonly used in the fabrication of pressure vessels are given in Table 12-3. For stress values at higher temperatures and for other materials, the latest edition of the ASME Code should be referenced. 

The impellers for centrifugal compressors are assemblies consisting of three parts the hub disc, the blades, and the cover disc. The hub and cover disc are machined from single-piece forgings of an alloy steel suitable for the application of the compressor. Blades are machined from forged steel plates of identical material. Each forging is checked with either sonic or X-ray machines to detect flaws or inclusions. 

Brown, S. A. and Simpson, J. P., Crevice and Fretting Corrosion of Stainless-Steel Plates and Screws , Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 15, 867-878 (1981)... 

Housing material a, b Stainless-steel plates ceramic hollow cylinder Tube b internal diameter external diameter length 600 pm 6 mm 20 mm... 

Housing and reaction plate material Steel Pressure stability 10 bar (20 bar without inspection window)... 

Reactor type Dual-channel micro reactor Base plate material of interfacing chip housing Silicon stainless steel... 

Frame plate material Stainless steel Micro channel width depth length 500 pm 500 pm 70 mm... 

Base plate material Stainless steel Gap between columns 25 pm... 

MATERIALS Paper, tape, cloth, tin or cardboard container, steel plate, primacord, blasting cap, plastic explosive. 

The primary attribute for the security of a door is its strength. Many security doors are 4-20 gauge hollow metal doors consisting of steel plates over a hollow cavity reinforced with steel stiffeners to give the door extra stiffness and rigidity. This increases resistance to blunt force used to try to penetrate through the door. The space between the stiffeners may be filled with specialized materials to provide fire, blast, or bullet resistance to the door. 

The Alpine pin disc mill shown in Figure 2.11 is a form of pin mill and consists of two vertical steel plates with horizontal projections on their near faces. One disc may be stationary whilst the other disc is rotated at high speed sometimes, the two discs may be rotated in opposite directions. The material is gravity fed in through a hopper or air conveyed to the centre of the discs, and is thrown outwards by centrifugal action and broken against of the projections before it is discharged to the outer body of the mill and... 

A dense and electronically insulating layer of LiA102 is not suitable for providing corrosion resistance to the cell current collectors because these components must remain electrically conductive. The typical materials used for this application are 316 stainless steel and chromium plated stainless steels. However, materials with better corrosion resistance are required for longterm operation of MCFCs. Research is continuing to understand the corrosion processes of chromium in molten carbonate salts under both fuel gas and oxidizing gas environments (23,25) and to identify improved alloys (29) for MCFCs. Stainless steels such as Type 310 and 446 have demonstrated better corrosion resistance than Type 316 in corrosion tests (29). 

Researchers have tried to fabricate plates using many different metals— mainly, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel alloys, copper alloys, intermetallic alloys, and metal-based composites such as carbon fiber-reinforced aluminum alloys, carbon fiber reinforced copper alloys, etc. [26]. Although Ta, Hf, Nb, Zr, and Ti metals show good corrosion resistance and chemical stability [6], the cost of fhese metals is too high for them to be used as materials in metal plates. That is why relatively cheaper iron-based alloys, particularly stainless steel, have been popularly studied as plate material. In the following secfions, we will infroduce sfainless sfeel (SS) and SS plates, which have been extensively investigated and show promise for the final applications [6,11]. 

---