Steam generating systems

The greatest use of high-temperature water and steam is in electrical power generation. Historically, fossil fuels (i.e., wood, coal, gas, and oil) were used almost exclusively to heat water and make steam until the introduction of nuclear-power steam generators in the second part of the twentieth century. The two types of power plants have much in common, but are sufficiently different to be discussed separately. Both, however, presuppose technically advanced water treatment and control for successful operation. 

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Heat Recovery and Seed Recovery System. Although much technology developed for conventional steam plants is appHcable to heat recovery and seed recovery (HRSR) design, the HRSRhas several differences arising from MHD-specific requirements (135,136). First, the MHD diffuser, which has no counterpart ia a conventional steam plant, is iacluded as part of the steam generation system. The diffuser experiences high 30 50 W/cm heat transfer rates. Thus, it is necessary to allow for thermal expansion of the order of 10 cm (137) ia both the horizontal and vertical directions at the connection between the diffuser and the radiant furnace section of the HRSR. 

Sodium alumiaate is used ia the treatment of iadustrial and municipal water suppHes and the use of sodium alumiaate is approved ia the clarification of drinking water. The FDA approves the use of sodium alumiaate ia steam generation systems where the steam contacts food. One early use of sodium alumiaate was ia lime softening processes, where it iacreases the precipitation of ions contributing to hardness and improves suspended soHds removal from the treated water (17). Sodium alumiaate reacts with siHca to leave very low residual concentrations of siHca ia hot process water softeners. Sodium alumiaate is often used with other chemicals such as alum, ferric salts, clays, and polyelectrolytes, as a coagulant aid (18,19). 

The boiler steam generation system primarily covers the boiler itself, the boiler surfaces (the primary heat-transfer and steam-generating surfaces within the boiler proper), and all necessary appurtenances. 

Burgmayer, P. R. Cotton, I. J. Knowles, G. Oxygen Scavenging and Passivation in Steam Generating Systems Fiction, Folklore and Fact. Betz/NACE Annual Conference and Corrosion Show, USA, 1992. 

Condensate drainage devices, 70 148 Condensate polishing ion exchange in, 74 417 in steam-generating systems, 23 227 water softening method for, 26 122-123 Condensate return, in heat pipes, 73 226 Condensate return systems, 70 147-148 Condensate systems, in industrial water treatment, 26 136-137 Condensation, 9 281-282. See also Polycondensation control of VOCs by, 26 679-680 ketone, 74 570... 

Makeup treatment, in steam-generating systems, 23 227 Makeup water, 23 221 Malaria... 

Steam-foaming agents, in mobility control, 73 627-628 Steam gasification defined, 6 829 Steam-generating systems... 

The temperature of the steam-cooled reactor shown below is 28S°F. The heat that must be transferred from the reactor into the steam generation system is 25 X 10 Btu/h. The overall heat transfer coelTicient for the cooling coils is 300 Btu/h °F. The steam discharges into a 2S-psia steam header. The enthalpy dtflerence... 

A fuel processor for PEFC application contains sulfur removal, an ATR-enhanced UOB reformer, advanced shift reactors, a steam generation system, a product gas cooler, a PROX system, a gas compressor, an air compressor, an anode-off gas oxidizer, and a control system. Goal efficiency (LHV H2 consumed by fuel cell/LHV fuel consumed by fuel processor) is 69 to 72%. H2 concentration is presently >50% (dry). 

Puri, Vijay K. Pretreatment of Water for Cooling Water and Steam Generating Systems. Calgon Corporation, USA, 1983. 

These models were used to provide control loop evaluation of the entire plant s steam generation system, the steam to carbon ratio control in methanol plants, fuel gas control system and isolated equipment control review (refs. 

SLCC-D. [Drew Ind. Div.] Ammonium hydroxide sd n. ctmosion inhibitor fot steam generating systems. 

Table 2-2 Steam parameters for different nuclear steam-generating systems, from [10]... 

A concept of an evolutionary reactor is pursued with the joint French / German European Pressurized Water Reactor , EPR, a 1525 MW(e) plant with evolutionary steam generating system and innovative double-walled containment [20]. A three years basic design phase as a prerequisite for the beginning of the licensing procedure was finished in 1997. The characteristic feature is a core catcher to restrict a possible core melt to the power plant itself. The joint effort by Germany ind France, however, finds in both countries a situation where no further base load is required. The EPR, confirmed as a future standard in France, is projected to substitute decommissioned nuclear plants. 

The ability of sodium-cooled reactors to produce steam at current commercial conditions of superheat and pressure has resulted in considerable design effort to prevent this direct leakage. At present, two methods are available to reduce the probability of direct leakage to a safe level. The first of these employs an intermediate alkali-metal heat-transfer system between the sodium reactor coolant and the steam generating system. This method is generally applicable only when space limitations are not present. 

Mechanical Plants Chemical supplying system (MPl), Steam generating system (MP2), Water supply system (MP3), Heating system (MP4), Lighting (MP5), Wastewater treatment (MP6). Spare parts. 

The organic citric, formic, and hydroxyacetic acids have had important applications in prestartup and periodic cleaning of large high-pressure steam generator systems. 

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