Steam function

The signal comparison function has been impieinented and tested during a steam generator tube inspection. A formal test in the real-life context was successfully done with a simple rule (parameters phase and amplitude) based on the central frequency for the distance signal. 

Fig. 12. Costs as a function of plant size for (—) coal-fired steam plants and (-) early MHD power plants where x corresponds to the EGAS reference...

Lavender Oil Spike. Also known as spike oil, lavender oil spike is obtained by steam distillation of the flowering tops of l vandula latijolia Vik., which grows wild and is also cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region, with most production in Spain and France. There was a time when spike oil, particularly Spanish lavender oil [8016-78-2] found extensive use in soap perfumery however, with the introduction of the less expensive lavandin oil, a hybrid of tme lavender (L. angustifolid) and L. latijolia, utilization of spike oil in perfumery has been reduced appreciably. French spike oil, a more dehcate version, still finds considerable use in functional and industrial perfumery. A comparison of the volatiles of a commercial Spanish oil and a... 

Defoamers. Foam is a common problem in papermaking systems (27). It is caused by surface-active agents which are present in the pulp slurry or in the chemical additives. In addition, partially hydrophobic soHd materials can function as foam stabilizers. Foam can exist as surface foam or as a combination of surface foam and entrained air bubbles. Surface foam usually can be removed by water or steam showers and causes few problems. Entrained air bubbles, however, can slow drainage of the stock and hence reduce machine speed. Another serious effect is the formation of translucent circular spots in the finished sheet caused by permanently entrained air. 

Power, Energy, and Drives. Centrifuges accomplish their function by subjecting fluids and soHds to centrifugal fields produced by rotation. Electric motors are the drive device most frequently used however, hydrauHc motors, internal combustion engines, and steam or air turbines are also used. One power equation appHes to all types of centrifuges and drive devices. 

Steam provides easy control of temperature ia processes and heating appHcations because the temperature is a function of pressure, which is easy to control. 

Va.por Pressure. Vapor pressure is one of the most fundamental properties of steam. Eigure 1 shows the vapor pressure as a function of temperature for temperatures between the melting point of water and the critical point. This line is called the saturation line. Liquid at the saturation line is called saturated Hquid Hquid below the saturation line is called subcooled. Similarly, steam at the saturation line is saturated steam steam at higher temperature is superheated. Properties of the Hquid and vapor converge at the critical point, such that at temperatures above the critical point, there is only one fluid. Along the saturation line, the fraction of the fluid that is vapor is defined by its quaHty, which ranges from 0 to 100% steam. 

Density. The density of saturated water and steam is shown in Figure 2 as a function of temperature on the saturation line. As the temperature approaches the critical point, the densities of the Hquid and vapor phase approach each other. This fact is cmcial to boiler constmction and steam purity because the efficiency of separation of water from steam depends on the density difference. 

Fig. 6. Speed of sound in water and steam as a function of temperature. Values given correspond to pressures in MPa. To convert MPa to psi, multiply by...

The carbon monoxide concentration of gas streams is a function of many parameters. In general, increased carbon monoxide concentration is found with an increase in the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio in the feed hydrocarbon a decrease in the steam-to-feed-carbon ratio increase in the synthesis gas exit temperature and avoidance of reequiUbration of the gas stream at a temperature lower than the synthesis temperature. Specific improvement in carbon monoxide production by steam reformers is made by recycling by-product carbon dioxide to the process feed inlet of the reformer (83,84). This increases the relative carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of the feed and raises the equiUbrium carbon monoxide concentration of the effluent. 

Carbon Conversion. Carbon conversion on a once-through basis is a function of the coal composition and is strongly influenced by the oxygen/coal ratio. For some coals, the conversion pattern is also affected by the level of steam in the blast. Another factor is fly slag recycle, which raises the carbon conversion by recycling the unconverted carbon, most of which resides on the fly slag. This results in an overall carbon conversion greater than 99%. 

---