STATs types

Highlight cells B9 C13, and click on From the Statistical function, scroll down to LINEST and chck OK. For BCnown y s, enter the array B3 B7, and for Known x s, enter A3 A7. Then in each of the boxes labeled Const and Stats, type true . Now we have to use the keyboard to execute the calculations. Depress Shift, Control, and Enter, and release. The statistical data are entered into the highlighted cells. This keystroke combination must be used whenever performing a function on an array of cells, like here. The slope is in cell B9 and its standard deviation in cell BIO. The intercept is in cell C9 and its standard deviation in cell CIO. The coefficient of determination is in cell Bll. Compare the standard deviations with those calculated in Example 3.22, and the slope, intercept, and with Example 3.21 or Figure 3.8. 

The kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of an ester can be followed by the pH-stat method, in which the pH is held constant by adding a solution of strong alkali to the reacting ester solution. The volume of alkali added in order to keep the pH constant is recorded as a function-time. Find the volume function needed to determine the rate constant that is, given the volume-time data for this type of experiment, what plot or calculation will yield the rate constant ... 

Chang YE et al. Microarray analysis identifies interferon-inducible genes and Stat-1 as major transcriptional targets of human papillomavims type 31. J Virol 2000 74 4174-4182. 

The intracellular events triggered upon binding of type I or II interferons to their respective receptors are quite similar. The sequence of events, known as the JAK-STAT pathway, has been elucidated over the last few years. It has quickly become apparent that this pathway plays a prominent role in mediating signal transduction, not only for interferon, but also of many cytokines. 

STATs are differentially distributed in various cells/tissues. STATs 1,2 and 3 seem to be present in most cell types, all be it at varying concentrations. Tissue distribution of STATs 4 and 5 is more limited. 

Not surprisingly different ligands activate different members of the STAT family (Table 8.6). Some, such as STATs 1 and 3, are activated by many ligands, whereas others respond to far fewer ligands, e.g. STAT2 appears to be activated only by type I interferons. 

Lau, F. and Horvath, C. 2002. Mechanisms of type I interferon cell signalling and STAT-mediated transcriptional responses. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 69(3), 156-168. 

This list is not intended to be comprehensive but to indicate the wide array of neuronal proteins regulated by phosphorylation. Some of the proteins are specific to neurons but most are present in many cell types in addition to neurons and are included because their multiple functions in the nervous system include the regulation of neuron-specific phenomena. Not included are the many phosphoproteins present in diverse tissues, including brain, that play a role in generalized cellular processes, such as intermediary metabolism, and that do not appear to play a role in neuron-specific phenomena. NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate CREB, cAMP response element-binding proteins STAT, signal-transducing activators of transcription ... 

Describe the two types of information that can be obtained about a reaction by using the pH-stat method of titration. 

Portier, C. and Hoel, D. (1984). Type I error of trend tests in proportions and the design of cancer screens. Comm. Stat. Theory Meth. A13 1-14. 

R. W. Freund, SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput., 13,425 (1992). Conjugate Gradient-Type Methods... 

Leptin signalling is via monomeric receptors in the brain. A short-form of the leptin receptor (Lep-R) is required to transport the hormone across the blood-brain barrier and a long-form Lep-R is located in the hypothalamus. The long-form is functionally linked with a particular type of receptor-associated tyrosine kinase called Janus kinase (JAK, see Section 4.7) whose function is to phosphorylate a STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) protein a similar mechanism to that often associated with signalling by inflammatory cytokines. 

Two types of cell have been described. In Fig. 1 a cell with a rotating disk electrode is shown. Connections to a pH-stat and to the interface are indicated simultaneously with recording CMT measurements, the metal and reference electrode and a counter electrode (not shown in Fig. 1) can be connected to a potentiostat, so that electrochemical measurements can be recorded intermittently. The volume of solution in the cell is ca. 400 ml. What matters for safe and reliable conditions of measurement is that the disk electrode rotating at a speed of no less than 1000 rpm ensures efficient stirring, so that the effect of alkali formed at the corroding metal (or sometimes at the counter electrode located ca. 1 cm below and parallel to the metal electrode) is immediately sensed effectively by the glass electrode and also the effect of acid supplied from the autoburet is quickly detected. 

Although the glass electrode displays sufficient sensitivity and time response for many chemical reactions, special circumstances may require an ultrathin glass electrode to obtain millisecond response times. Less sensitive types of the pH Stat are also used in fermentation chambers to determine the rate/extent of fermentation or to maintain the viability and efficiency of microbes during fermentation. 

Statistical Analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of toxicity data was conducted using SAS/STAT software (version 8.2 SAS Institute, Cary, NC). All toxicity data were transformed (square root, log, or rank) before ANOVA. Comparisons among multiple treatment means were made by Fisher s LSD procedure, and differences between individual treatments and controls were determined by one-tailed Dunnett s or Wilcoxon tests. Statements of statistical significance refer to a probability of type 1 error of 5% or less (p s 0.05). Median lethal concentrations (LCjq) were determined by the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method using TOXSTAT software (version 3.5 Lincoln Software Associates, Bisbee, AZ). 

Alternating, statistical, and random copolymers are named by following the prefix poly with the names of the two repeating units. The specific type of copolymer is noted by inserting -alt-, -stat-, or -ran- in between the names of the two repeating units with -co- used when the type of copolymer is not specified, for example, poly(styrene-ofi-acrylonitrile), poly(styrene-i fat-acrylonitrile), poly(styrene-ran-acrylonitrile), and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) [Wilks,... 

SSRI selective sCTotonin reuptake inhibitor (class of drugs used to treat d ression, e.g., sCTtraline) SSS sick sinus s5mdrome stat immediately (Latin statim ) supl supplement or supplied supp suppository Susp suspension SVT supraventricular tachycardia Sx s5mptom S5md syndrome Sz seizure tab/tabs tablet/tablets tach tachycardia TB tubCTCulosis TBI traumatic brain injury TCA tricyclic antidqjressant (class of drugs commonly used to treat d ression, e.g., amitriptyline) TCP transcutaneous pacing TD transdermal TFT thyroid function test TEA transient ischemic attack tid three times a day (Latin ter in die ) tine tincture TMP trimethoprim (type of antibiotic)... 

Binding of type I interferons to the IFN-a/ S (type I) receptor results in the phosphorylation and hence activation of two members of the JAK family Tyk2 and JAK 1. These kinases then phosphorylate STAT la (also called STAT 91), STAT (STAT 84) and STAT 2 (STAT 113). 

Weinreb NJ, Barranger JA, Charrow J, Grabowski GA, Mankin HJ, Mistry P. Guidance on the use of miglu-stat for treating patients with type 1 Gaucher disease. Am J Hematol 2005 80(3) 223-9. 

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