Spearman Karber method

Statistical Analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of toxicity data was conducted using SAS/STAT software (version 8.2 SAS Institute, Cary, NC). All toxicity data were transformed (square root, log, or rank) before ANOVA. Comparisons among multiple treatment means were made by Fisher s LSD procedure, and differences between individual treatments and controls were determined by one-tailed Dunnett s or Wilcoxon tests. Statements of statistical significance refer to a probability of type 1 error of 5% or less (p s 0.05). Median lethal concentrations (LCjq) were determined by the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method using TOXSTAT software (version 3.5 Lincoln Software Associates, Bisbee, AZ). 

The same type of experimental design, allowing that each increment of sub-process sterilization treatment d is equal, may be used to calculate O-values by the Spearman Karber method [20]. The total duration of sterilization treatment should be chosen to cover the whole of the quantal region from /]. which is defined as the longest lime at which every replicate is still found to be nonsterile, to time tfi, which is the shoitest exposure at which every replicate is found to be sterile as tested. The Speannan Karber equation allows estimation of a factor u as... 

ANNEX 3. CALCULATING D-VALUES FROM QUANTAL RESPONSE DATA USING THE STUMBO AND SPEARMAN KARBER METHODS... 

Bioassay responses were calculated as LD q s, ED q s or ET q s using the trimmed Spearman-Karber method (14). Duncan s multiple range test and analysis of variance were used for the repellency trials, and the paired comparison t-test was used to analyze the food preference experiments. 

Toxic activity was determined in mice by lethal dose 50% (LD50) and calculated by the Spearman-Karber method as preconized by WHO [6]. 

Viral and cytotoxicity titers will be expressed as —loglO of the 50 percent titration endpoint for infectivity (TCID50) or cyctotoxicity (TCD50), respectively, as calculated by the method of Spearman Karber. 

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