State of the Art and Outlook

Electrodeposition not only of metals but also of compound semiconductors has reached a level of quality and control that large-scale applications have become 

OV in the plot refers to the rest potential of the electrode in the dark, as Illuminated cell area the product of diameter and length of the electrode (O.OlScm ) was chosen. Reprinted with permission from [290], 

1 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2006) Energy, Finance and Climate Charge, Our Planet, vol. 16, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 

2 Wtirfel, P. (2009) Physics of Solar Cells, 2nd edn, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim. 

3 International Energy Agency (2008) Key World Energy Statistics, International Energy Agency, Paris. 

In the following paragraphs a brief summary on the state of the art of biotransformations is given (Table 4.1). An outlook on future developments, however, should be taken with a grain of salt as it bears a strong resemblance to an Austrian weather forecast. 

Hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, esterases and lipases are ready-to-use catalysts for the preparation of optically active carboxylic acids, amino acids, alcohols, and amines. The area is sufficiently well researched to be of general applicabihty for a wide range of synthetic problems. Consequently, about two thirds of the reported research on biotransformations involves these areas. This is facilitated by the fact that a considerable collection of commercially available proteases and lipases is available in conjunction with techniques for the improvement of their selectivities. The development of simple models aimed at the prediction of the stereochemical outcome of a given reaction is still a challenge and will be the subject of future studies. A search for novel esterases to enrich the limited number of available enzymes and for lipases showing anti-Kazlauskas stereospecificities would be a worthwhile endeavor. 

The asymmetric hydrolysis of epoxides, which was impeded by the lack of readily available sources of microbial enzymes, is now possible on a preparative scale. This method offers a valuable alternative to the asymmetric epoxidation of olefins, particularly for those substrates where chemical methods fail due to the absence of directing functional groups. 

The microbial hydrolysis of nitriles to amides or carboxylic acids often does not proceed with high enantioselectivity, but it offers a valuable and mild alternative method to the harsh reaction conditions usually required for this conversion using traditional methodology. As a consequence, it has proven to be a very useful and competitive method in the chemoselective transformation of nitriles on an industrial scale. 

The synthesis of optically active phosphate esters by phosphorylation is now possible which provides an important tool for pharmaceutical applications. 

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K. Grob and B. Schilling, Coupled HPLC-capillaiy GC-state of the art and outlook , 7. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 8 726-733 (1985). 

Romanovskiy, V.N., Smirnov, I.V., Babain, V.A., Esimantovskiy, V.M., Todd, T.A., Herbst, R.S., Law, J.D. 2005. UNEX-process. State of the art and outlook. Global 2005 Nuclear Energy System for Future Generation and Global Sustainability, October, Tsukuba, Japan. 

Romanovskiy, V. N., I. V. Smirnov, V. A. Babain, et al. 2005. UNEX-Process, State of the Art and Outlook. Proceedings of GLOBAL 2005, Paper 353, October 9-13, Tsukuba, Japan. 

Summarizing the state-of-the-art and outlook for printed displays, it is clear that opportimities do exist for printing displays, particularly on the low end of performance. Within the next few years, opportrmities for such systems will become clearer. A key driver for such displays is the ability to integrate transistors for active matrix display addressing. Thus, the next topic in this chapter will focus on applications that are more transistor-centric. 

Kurzweil P (2009) Metal oxides and ion-exchanging surfaces as pH sensors in liquid state-of-the-art and outlook. Sensors 9(6) 4955 985... 

Mamedov, E. and Cortes Corberan, V. (1995). Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Lower Alkanes on Vanadium Oxide-based Catalysts. The Present State of the Art and Outlooks, Appl. Catal. A Gen., 127, pp. 1 10. 

Mamedov, E.A. and Cortes Corberan, V. Oxidative dehydrogenation of lower alkanes on vanadium oxide-based catalysts. The present state of the art and outlooks. Catal. A Gen. 1995, 127, 1. 

Finally, Section 1.6 gives a short summary of the state of the art and outlook on closely related problems that were not covered in this chapter. 

E. Tomzig, 2003, History, state of the art and future outlook of Silicon Czochral-ski crystal growth. Int. Symp. On 50th Anniversary of the Death of Prof Dr. 

The reader will gain a comprehensive overview through review-like contributions that comprehensively present the state of the art, but also offer fundamentally new and deeper insights. Other, more specific contributions offer both new outlooks or conclusions, and thoughts on the prospects of organic farming and its further evolution. 

In this chapter we elucidate the state-specific perspective of unimolec-ular decomposition of real polyatomic molecules. We will emphasize the quantum mechanical approach and the interpretation of the results of state-of-the-art experiments and calculations in terms of the quantum dynamics of the dissociating molecule. The basis of our discussion is the resonance formulation of unimolecular decay (Sect. 2). Summaries of experimental and numerical methods appropriate for investigating resonances and their decay are the subjects of Sects. 3 and 4, respectively. Sections 5 and 6 are the main parts of the chapter here, the dissociation rates for several prototype systems are contrasted. In Sect. 5 we shall discuss the mode-specific dissociation of HCO and HOCl, while Sect. 6 concentrates on statistical state-specific dissociation represented by D2CO and NO2. Vibrational and rotational product state distributions and the information they carry about the fragmentation step will be discussed in Sect. 7. Our description would be incomplete without alluding to the dissociation dynamics of larger molecules. For them, the only available dynamical method is the use of classical trajectories (Sect. 8). The conclusions and outlook are summarized in Sect. 9. 

Experimental and theoretical performance results on prototype devices are presented in Section 6.5. So far only very few cells have been successfully fabricated. Different non-planar geometries and a variety of absorber and substrate materials will be discussed. Finally, in Section 6.6, a critical assessment of the state of the art of these new devices and an outlook on future research, including applications beyond the photovoltaic field, will be given. 

This chapter reviews in detail the principles and applications of heterogeneous electron transfer reaction analysis at tip and sample electrodes. The first section summarizes the basic principles and concepts. It is followed by sections dedicated to one class of sample material glassy carbon, metals and semiconductors, thin layers, ion-conducting polymers, and electrically conducting polymers. A separate section is devoted to practical applications, in essence the study of heterogeneous catalysis and in situ characterization of sensors. The final section deals with the experiments defining the state of the art in this field and the outlook for some future activities. Aspects of heterogeneous electron transfer reactions in more complex systems, such as... 

In this chapter, the state-of-the-art developments and technological achievements of the biological route for the two important diols (2,3-BD and 1,4-BD) production have been summarized. Espeeially, the key technologies involved in the production of the two bio-based diols, including catalysis, metabohc engineering, and synthetic biology were highhghted. Furthermore, the economic outlook and future prospects on the bio-based BDs production are discussed. 

The concept of experience templates is an outlook onto the fumre. CAD and PLM Systems are more and more developed to integrate product definitions with models of the environment with which the product will be interacting. By the time the corresponding representations will be state of the art, the demand for re-usable template-based strucmres will emerge. 

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