Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock syndrome toxin

Hensler T, Koller M, Geofiroy C et al. Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 and Streptococcus pyogenes erythrogenic toxin A modulate inflammatory mediator release from human neutrophils. Infect Immun 1993 61 1055-1061. 

S. R. Monday G. A. Bohach, Properties ot Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1. in The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, 2nd ed. J. E. Aiout, J. H. Freer, Eds. Academic Press London, 1999 pp 589-610. 

De Boer, M.L., Kum, W.W. and Chow, A.W., Staphylococcus aureus isogenic mutant, deficient in toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 but not staphylococcal enterotoxin A production, exhibits attenuated virulence in a tampon-associated vaginal infection model of toxic shock syndrome, Can. J. Microbiol., 45, 250-256,... 

McLauchlin, J., Narayanan, G.L., Mithani, V. and O Neill, G., The detection of enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction, J. Food Prot., 63, 479-88, 2000. 

Wieneke, A.A., The detection of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus with commercial RPLA kits, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 7, 25-30, 1988. 

Johnson WM, Tyler SD, Ewan EP, Ashton FE, Pollard DR, Rozee KR (1991) Detection of genes for enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in Staphylococcus aureus by the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 29 426-430... 

Leung DY, Meissner HC, Fulton DR, Murray DL, Kotzin BL, Schlievert PM Toxic shock syndrome toxin-secreting Staphylococcus aureus in Kawasaki syndrome. Lancet 1993 342 1385-1388. 

Staphylococcus aureus produces a set of proteins [e.g., staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)], which act both as superantigens and toxins. Hamad and coworkers (66)found dose-dependent, facilitated transcytosis of SEB and TSST-1, but not SEA, in Caco-2 cells. They extended their studies in mice in vivo by showing that ingested SEB appears in the blood more efficiently than does SEA. 

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of seven enterotoxins produced by strains of Staphylococcus aureus. SEB, the best understood of the staphylococcal enterotoxins, can be regarded as the type enterotoxin. Staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), and certain other bacterial products (such as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins [SPE]) and viral products (which are not discussed in this chapter) are commonly referred to as superantigens because of their profound effects on the immune system. Minute concentrations of superantigens can activate the immune system receptors because they bind with strong avidity to T-cell antigen receptors and class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). 

Kenny K, Reiser RF, Bastida-Corcuera FD, Norcross NL. Production of enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin by bovine mammary isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 31 706-707. 

Ho G, Campbell WH, Bergdoll MS, Carlson E. Production of a toxic shock syndrome toxin variant by Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with sheep, goats, and cows. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 27(9) 1946—1948. 

Lee PK, Kreiswirth BN, Deringer JR, et al. Nucleotide sequences and biologic properties of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 from ovine- and bovine-associated Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis. 1992 165 1056-1063. 

Robert J, Tristan A, Cavalie L, Decousser JW, Bes M, Etieime J, Laurent F, Onerba. Panton-valentine leukocidin-positive and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus a French multicenter prospective study in 2008. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 55(4) 1734-9. doi 10.1128/AAC.01221-10. 

De Boer, M.L. and Chow, A.W. 1993. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 producing staphylococcus aureus isolates contain the staphylococcal enterotoxin B genetic element but do not express staphylococcal entero-toxin B. J. Infect. Dis. 170 818-827. 

Fast, D.J., Schlievert, RM., and Nelson, R.D. 1988. Nonpurulent response to toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Relationship to toxin-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 140 949-953. 

Lee, P.K., Kreiswirth, B.N., Deringer, J.R., Projan, S.J., Eisner, W., Smith, B.L., Carlson, E., Novick, R.P, and Schlievert, P.M. 1992. Nucleotide sequences and biological properties of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 from ovine- and bovine-associated Staphylococcus aureus. J. Infect. Dis. 165 1056-1063. 

Ho, G., Campbell, W. H., and Carlson, E. 1989. Ovine-associated Staphylococcus aureus protein with immunochemical similarity to toxic shock syndrome toxin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27 210-212. 

Wong, A. C. L., and Bergdoll, M. S. 1990. Effect of environmental conditions on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 hy Staphylococcus aureus. Infect. Immun. 58 1026-1029. 

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that causes a variety of clinical manifestations, ranging from benign skin infections to life-threatening infections such as septicemia, endocarditis, osteitis, and toxic shock syndrome. The virulence has been ascribed to a coordinated production of a large set of different toxins,... 

Toxic shock syndrome is a very damaging, often fatal condition caused by toxins from Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. First reported in children in 1978, it is manifested by high fever, erythroderma (a skin rash condition), and severe diarrhea.6 Patients may exhibit confusion, hypotension, and tachycardia, and they may go into shock with failure of several organs. Survivors often suffer from skin desquamation (flaky skin). 

A few cases of toxic shock were reported after facial peels with Baker s solution in 1982, 1983 and 1987 and after rhinoplasty in 1983. Todd and colleagues described the first cases of toxic shock syndrome in 1978 as a result of the use of certain tampons, ft appears to be caused by an entero-toxin F and/or exotoxin C with the same molecular weight (22 000), secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Other authors suspect that the two toxins are really one and the same. ... 

Most people encounter the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and its toxin staphylococcal enterotoxin type B (SEB) at some point in their lives fi om food (ptomaine) poisoning. Some of these strains of bacteria have been responsible for toxic shock syndrome among women using feminine hygienic products, especially during the peak of the affliction in the early 1980s. 

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