Stains on cloth

Table 1. Low-temperature phosphorescence properties of fresh stains on cloth...

Enzymes have improved over the years so that food stains on clothes, and unmentionable stains on undergarments, now present no problem. In the late 1980s, enzymes were engineered that could resist the action of the peroxide bleach and by 2000 it was possible to have a mix of all kinds of enzymes in the same detergent. Because enzymes are themselves protein molecules, a protease enzyme could in theory attack other enzymes and digest them as well, so special varieties have been developed to overcome this. Today, enzyme demand is... 

Rusty colored Rust stains on clothing and water porcelain plumbing,... 

Paint stains on clothing or skin Inability to concentrate or inattentiveness... 

Detergents are artificial soaps. Their structure is similar to that of soaps any molecule having nonpolar and polar sections similar to those in soap molecules may disperse oily stains on clothes, hence detergents too have a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. 

The polarity of molecules composing liquids is also important in determining a liquid s miscibility— its ability to mix without separating into two phases, hi general, polar liquids are miscible with other polar hquids but are not miscible with nonpolar liquids. For example, water, a polar liquid, is not miscible with pentane (C5H12), a nonpolar hquid ( Figure 12.21). Similarly, water and oil (also nonpolar) do not mix. Consequently, oily hands or oily stains on clothes cannot be washed away with plain water (see Chapter 10, Everyday Chemistry Haw Soap Works). 

The term oil includes a variety of liquid or easily liquefiable, unctuous, combustible substances that are soluble in ether but not in water and that leave a greasy stain on paper and cloth. These substances can include animal, vegetable, and synthetic oils, but usually the word oil refers to a mineral oil produced from petroleum (qv). An oil that has been used or contaminated, or both, but not consumed, can often be recycled to regain a useful material, regardless of its origin. For the purposes of this article, only the recycling of used petroleum oils is considered. 

Signs of inhalant abuse are unusual breath odor or chemical odor on clothing paint or stain marks on the face, fingers, or clothing spots or sores around the mouth and red or runny eyes or nose. Other clues include hidden rags or clothing, or empty containers. 

Caution. Toxic and stains hands, clothing, and other things on prolonged contact. The free base of p-phenylenediamine and its water soluble salts may cause eczema or other skin irritations. Always wear a good dust mask when working with the powder and gloves when working with the powder or the solutions. 

Microbial proteases with widely different properties are produced commercially. Bacillus protease, however, represents more than 95 percent of the sale of all proteases. The most important use of Bacillus proteases is in detergents. Proteinaceous dirt often precipitates on clothes and it coagulates during the normal washing process. The addition of proteolytic enzymes to the detergent can easily dissolve such proteinaceous stains, which are otherwise difficult to remove. 

CHEK-RUST NO. 25 is an almost odorless, colorless based fabric sealant designed for use on cloth, velour, and carpets. Properly treated surfaces will not spot or soil, and will remain free of unsightly stains for years. 

You get a stain on a table cloth. Soapy water will not take the stain out, but rubbing alcohol will. How does this relate to chromatography ... 

Substances in this class are used to contaminate individuals for immediate discouragement and also for subsequent identihcation purposes. They can be dispersed in solution from pressurized handheld canisters for one-on-one use, or by water canon for large-scale antiriot use. One series of markers are visible dyestuffs, whose use results in immediate staining of clothing and skin for deterrent or recognition purposes. These markers clearly need to be chosen on the basis of their staining properties, lack of local toxicity to skin and eyes, notably irritancy and sensitization, and freedom from environmental problems. Occult markers are colorless substances that will fluoresce under ultraviolet light, and thus are used for identihcation purposes. 

Coal tar preparations should not be used on acute oozing lesions, as this would result in stinging and irritation." " The strong odor of coal tar products and their staining of clothing are limiting factors. Patients can be instructed to use the product at bedtime and wash it off in the morning. In addition, folliculitis and photosensitivity have been reported. 

Water soluble stains on the surface of clothes can easily be cleaned using water. If our hands get covered in salt, for example, it is enough to wash them with plenty of water. However, water isn t so effective at getting rid of oily stains. 

Before the family leaves the house to go to the holiday picnic, the kids are sent oflF to brush their teeth and change into clean clothes. Their toothpaste contains sodium fluoride, a common cavity-fighting ionic compound. The white shirts in their red, white, and blue outfits were bleached with the ionic compound sodium hypochlorite, the stains on their red pants were removed by potassium oxalate, and dyes were fixed to their blue hats by aluminum nitrate. 

---