Sodium compounds hypochlorite

Most hypochlorite production is in the form of the sodium compound, which will be the focus of our discussion. There will also be a short note on calcium hypochlorite (Section 15.3.4). Figure 15.14 shows a typical flowsheet for production of NaOCl solution [55]. We note here that the compound is more properly designated NaQO. Industry practice, however, favors the form NaOCl. 

Chlorine and Bromine Oxidizing Compounds. The organo chlorine compounds shown in Table 6 share chemistry with inorganic compounds, such as chlorine/77< 2-3 (9-j5y and sodium hypochlorite/7 )< /-j5 2-5 7. The fundamental action of chlorine compounds involves hydrolysis to hypochlorous acid (see Cm ORiNE oxygen acids and salts). 

When the mercury present in the atmosphere is primarily in the form of an organic mercury compound, it may be preferable to utilise an aqueous scmbber. This method is particularly useful for control of emissions from reactors and from dryers. For efficient and economical operation, an aqueous solution of caustic soda, sodium hypochlorite, or sodium sulfide is reckculated through the scmbber until the solution is saturated with the mercury compound. 

Chemical Treatment. Some organic compounds are attacked by chemical reagents such as potassium permanganate, sodium hydroxide, calcium hypochlorite, and o2one (29,30). 

A study of the North American bleaching agent market was completed in June 1988 and includes consumption quantities for the year 1986 (156). Chlorine consumption for 1986 was 1.86 x 10 t. The North American consumption volume of other chlorine-containing bleaching compounds including sodium and calcium hypochlorite, chlorinated isocyanurates, and hydantoins was 286,000 t. The 1986 North American consumption of sodium chlorate was estimated at 5.5 x 10 t. 

Calcium hypochlorite is the principal commercial soHd hypochlorite it is produced on a large scale and marketed as a 65—70% product containing sodium chloride and water as the main diluents. A product with a significantly higher available chlorine, av CI2, (75—80%) has been introduced by Olin. Calcium hypochlorite is also manufactured to a smaller extent as a hemibasic compound (- 60% av Cl ) and to a lesser extent in the form of bleaching powder (- 35% av CI2). Lithium hypochlorite is produced on a small scale and is sold as a 35% assay product for specialty appHcations. Small amounts of NaOCl ate employed in the manufacture of crystalline chlorinated ttisodium phosphate [56802-99-4]. 

The dissociation of hypochlorous acid depends on the pH. The unionized acid is present in greater quantities in acid solution, although in strongly acid solution the reaction with water is reversed and chlorine is Hberated. In alkaline solutions the hypochlorite ion OCL is increasingly Hberated as the pH is increased. The pH is important because unionized hypochlorous acid is largely responsible for the antimicrobial action of chlorine in water. Chlorine compounds are therefore more active in the acid or neutral range. The hypochlorites most commonly employed are sodium hypochlorite [7681-52-9] or calcium hypochlorite [7778-54-3]. 

In comparison to N—S bond formation, O—N bond formation by essentially oxidative procedures has found few applications in the synthesis of five-membered heterocycles. The 1,2,4-oxadiazole system (278) was prepared by the action of sodium hypochlorite on A(-acylamidines (277) (76S268). The A -benzoylamidino compounds (279) were also converted into the 1,2,4-oxadiazoles (280) by the action of r-butyl hypochlorite followed by base. In both cyclizations A -chloro compounds are thought to be intermediates (76BCJ3607). 

The most commonly used disinfectant is chlorine, which can be supplied in the form of a liquefied gas which has to be dissolved in water, or in the form of an alkaline solution called sodium hypochlorite, which is the same compound as... 

A -Pyrroline has been prepared in low yield by oxidation of proline with sodium hypochlorite (71), persulfate (102), and periodate (103). A -Pyrroline and A -piperideine are products of enzymic oxidation via deamination of putrescine and cadaverine or ornithine and lysine, respectively (104,105). This process plays an important part in metabolism and in the biosynthesis of various heterocyclic compounds, especially of alkaloids. 

MIcrobiocldes. There are several microbiocides available commercially that can perform an effective function in controlling microbial activity. Some of these chemicals are inorganic, such as chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chromates and compounds of mercury and silver. However, the organic chemicals find the highest use as microbiocides. Some examples of these organic compounds are peracetic acid, paraformaldehyde, polychlorophenols and quaternary ammonium derivatives, to name a few [208]. 

When such contaminated flour enters trade channels, either as such or in the form of prepared products, the finding of hair fragments is highly significant. Whether they may have come from the flour or have originated in a bakery or factory does not lessen their repugnance to the consumer. Recovered hairs are identified by means of their several characteristics. Some of the more salient are conspicuous intemodes and compound medulla of rat hairs, inconspicuous intemodes and smooth continuous medulla of cat hair, and differences discernible after treatment with 10% sodium hydroxide and after treatment with hypochlorite. 

This is a special chemical effectively used for column bioreactors. It is a volatile compound and strong oxidising agent. It boils at ambient temperature, therefore the solution of ethylene oxide (liquid phase) must be stored in a refrigerator (4 °C). An excellent oxidising agent such as a 3% sodium hypochlorite is used for chemical sterilisation of equipment. 

Write the complete Lewis structure for each of the following compounds (a) ammonium chloride (b) potassium phosphide (c) sodium hypochlorite. 

Acetylene as well as its compounds have an acetylenic hydrogen atom with an acid character that can be substituted by a chlorine atom. Thus,with acetylene, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite in an acid medium form (this can be formed by calcium carbide hydrolysis) chloroacetylene and dichloro-acetylene, which combust spontaneously in air. 

There was an attempt to treat spreadings of organic sulphides or thiols with calcium hypochlorite in the solid state. These treatments usually ended with a violent reaction followed by the compounds igniting. Nevertheless, this does not represent any danger when using sodium hypochlorite solutions at 15%. 

---