Staining nucleic acids

Williams, L.R., Staining nucleic acids and proteins in electrophoresis gels, Biotech. Histochem., 76, 127, 2001. 

Problems Silver staining is complicated, takes a long time (1 to 2 h), is difficult to reproduce exactly, and it is not quantifiable because different proteins stain with different intensity (Poehling and Neuhoff 1981). In addition, the stained protein cannot be used for anything else (no blot, no elution, is quenched). In addition, the silver stain by no means targets proteins specifically, and it stains nucleic acids, lipopolysaccharides, bpids, and glycolipids. 

SYTOX orange nucldc add stain S11368 Molecular probes ex 532 nm, 547 nm SYTOX orange dye stains nucleic acids in cells with compromised membranes. This stain is useful as an indicator of cell death. 

Quinacrine concentrates in the scolex of the parasite and causes the muscles needed for holding onto the intestinal wall to relax. The worms are stained yellow and pass from the body, still aUve. Quinacrine can intercalate with DNA and inhibit nucleic acid synthesis. It creates fluorescent bands in deoxyadenylate—deoxythmidylate-rich regions of DNA and has been used as a stain in the study of human genetics. 

Friedlander synthesis, 2, 445 Acridine-1,8-diones, hexahydro-synthesis, 2, 482 Acridine Orange colour and constitution, 1, 346 nucleic acid stain, 1, 179... 

Cariello, N., Keohavong, P., Sanderson, B., Thilly, W. DNA damage produced by ethidium bromide staining and exposure to ultraviolet light. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 16, No.9, (May 1988), pp. 4157-4161, ISSN 0305-1048... 

Another way in which Pt could bind to DNA is through the formation of intercalation compounds. The parallel here is with the hydrocarbon carcinogens and the nucleic acid stains, the acridines. It has been shown that metal chelates will form this same type of jt-complex. For example, palladium oxinate will form exactly the same type of -complexes as anthracene (88). 

Live/Dead (LD) Dead cells red stained. Live cells green Dead cells nucleic acid. Live Yesa) [34]... 

Recent studies have shown that HIAR is also effective for physically fixed materials, un-embedded and plastic-embedded specimens, and immunoelec-tron microscopy. Heating has also been shown to be useful for the extraction of proteins and nucleic acids from FFPE materials. The elucidation of the mechanisms described above should support the usefulness of such applications and lead to the establishment of standardized protocols for immunohis-tochemical staining. 

Nanosized objects perform various functions in the biomedical field. In the human body, nanosized particulate substances behave very differently from larger particles. In 1986, Maeda et al. found that the stained albumin, having a size of several nanometers, naturally accumulates in the region of cancerous tissues, which is now well known as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Many studies in the field of nanoparticles are based on this finding. Another application of nanoparticles is the delivery system using various polyplexes that are composed of carrier molecules and plasmid DNA or nucleic acid drugs such as antisenses and siRNA. In addition, nanofibers are mainly used for biodegradable scaffolds in tissue... 

Karlsson, H.J., Eriksson, M., Perzon, E., Akerman, B., Lincoln, P., and Westman, G. (2003) Groove-binding unsymmetrical cyanine dyes for staining of DNA Syntheses and characterization of the DNA-bind-ing. Nucleic Acids Res. 31(21), 6227-6234. 

One of the first applications developed for flow cytometry was cell cycle analysis.2 There are numerous intercalating fluorescent DNA and RNA staining reagents that can be used to determine the amount of DNA in cells, an indicator of cell cycle stage and progression, as demonstrated in Figure 7.3. Nucleic acid dyes may be selective for DNA... 

Some fluorescent DNA stains can also be used for chromosome counterstaining, for detection of hybridized metaphase or interphase chromosomes in fluorescence in situ hybridization assays or for identifying apoptotic cells in cell populations (http //probes.invitrogen.com/handbook/sections/0806.html). For instance, Vybrant Apoptosis Assay Kit 4 (Molecular Probes) detects apoptosis on the basis of changes that occur in the permeability of cell membranes. This kit contains ready-to-use solutions of both YO-PRO-1 and propidium iodide nucleic acid stains. YO-PRO-1 stain selectively passes through the plasma membranes of apoptotic cells and labels them with moderate green fluorescence. Necrotic cells are stained red-fluorescent with propidium iodide. 

The fluorescence spectra of the monomeric cyanine nucleic acid stains family (PO-PRO-1, BO-PRO-1 and YO-PRO-1) introduced by Molecular Probes (http // probes.invitrogen.com) cover the entire visible wavelength range. These dyes may also be used with ultraviolet trans- or epi-illuminator excitation sources. The monomeric cyanine nucleic acid stains exhibit large degrees of fluorescence enhancement upon binding to DNA (or RNA) up to 1,800-fold. Consequently,... 

Nuclei were first isolated by Miescher (1869) from pus cells recovered from discarded surgical bandages. The principle constituent—a phosphorus-rich material then called nuclein—was stained by methyl green. A few years later salmon sperm were shown to contain a phosphorus-rich acidic compound—the nucleic acid—and a basic protein protamine. Further work by Kossel, Levene,... 

A number of histologic and histochemical changes in current-year needles of ponderosa pine were detected after five to seven daily exposures to ozone at 0.45 ppm for 12 h each day. Chloroplasts and carbohydrate stain accumulated in the peripheral portions of mesophyll cells concurrently, the homogeneous distribution of proteins and nucleic acids was disrupted, and add phosphatase activity increased. Cell wall destruction occurred in mesophyll cells after appredable intracellular damage. 

After intracellular and surface staining are complete, it is often possible to utilize a stain for nucleic acids, such as propidium iodide (PI), DAPI, mithramycin, or... 

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