Staging of prostate cancer

In summary, lycopene must have some specific effect on unknown cellular processes that control the modulation of multiple pathways. General properties, such as antioxidation or pro-oxidation, are unlikely to explain these effects. Since the activation, silencing or loss of pathway control is different for each cell type and its degree of transformation, we do not have enough information to predict whether lycopene may be beneficial or detrimental under different circumstances in various prostate cell lines and in the different stages of prostate cancer. 

The clinical use of PAP has been replaced by PSA. PAP is not as sensitive as PSA for screening or for detection of early cancer. The clinical use of PAP is restricted to confirmation of metastatic prostate cancer and staging of prostate cancer. It is less likely to be elevated in BPH than is PSA. Currently the method of choice for PAP is the measurement of its enzymatic activity. 

PSA has been found to correlate with clinical stages of prostate cancer. Higher PSA levels and higher percentages of patients with elevated PSA concentrations are associated with advanced stages. However, PSA testing is not sufficiently reliable to determine stages on an individual basis. 

Montie IE. Staging of prostate cancer Current TNM classification and future prospects for prognostic factors. Cancer 1995 75(Suppl) 1814-1818. 

Labrie F, Dupont A, Simard J, et al. Intracrinology The basis for the rational design of endocrine therapy at all stages of prostate cancer. Eur Urol 1993 2 94-105. 

Katze, A.E., Seamen, E. et al. (1994) Molecular staging of prostate cancer with the use of an enhanced reverse-transciiptase-... 

Blinded evaluation of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction prostate specific antigen peripheral blood assay for molecular staging of prostate cancer. Urology, 53, 714—721. 

Tannour-Louet M, Lewis SK, Louet JF, Stewart J, Addai JB, Sahin A, Vangapandu HV, Lewis AL, Dittmar K, Pautler RG, Zhang L, Smith RG, Lamb DJ (2014) Increased expression of CYP24A1 correlates with advanced stages of prostate cancer and can cause resistance to vitamin Dj-based therapies. FASEB J 28 364-372... 

The application of artificial intelligence, in the form of artificial neural networks, has been successfully used in several fields of medicine and is being applied to urology. Many studies have applied artificial neural networking to the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer with promising results. It is an... 

Sensing of anions in aqueous media and serum is a far more difficult proposition, since competitive binding of solvent is often favorable. However, considerable success has been achieved through the use of anion coordination to metal centers. Parker, in particular, has exploited these ideas to the full in the development of sensors that can be used to detect changes in urate, citrate, and bicarbonate concentrations and that serve as markers for the early stages of prostate cancer. ... 

Scardino PT, Shinohara K, Wheeler TM, Carter SS (1989) Staging of prostate cancer. Value of ultrasonography. Urol Clin N Am 16 713-734... 

De Vincentis G, Remediani S, Varvarigou AD, Di Santo G, lori F, Laurenti C, Scopinaro F. Role of 99mTc-bombesin scan in diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2004 19 81-84. 

Recommend a treatment for initial treatment of prostate cancer based on stage, Gleason score, age, and symptoms. 

Rifkiii. M D et al Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasonography in Staging Early Prostate Cancer," New Eng. J. Med., 623 (September 6,... 

Androgens have been considered to play a crucial role in the development and progression of prostate cancer, since men castrated before puberty do not develop prostate cancer (L10). Testosterone is the major steroid hormone that maintains prostate growth, function, and size. Treatment of stage D prostate cancer includes withdrawal of testosterone by surgical or medical castration, which causes atrophy of androgen-dependent cancer cells. Most treatments involve Zoladex (goserelin)... 

Treatment of prostate cancer for the various stages is summarized as follows radiation or radical prostatectomy for stages A and B and radiation with or without hormonal therapy for stage C prostate cancer (G4). Through the years, the method of choice in treatment of advanced stage D prostate cancer has been... 

PSA is an extremely useful tumor marker for prostate cancer. It is used to detect and stage the cancer and to monitor treatment of prostate cancer. It is also thought to be involved in tumor progression. 

While there is no clinical evidence showing that saw palmetto prevents prostate cancer, increased DHT and prolactin levels have been linked to a higher incidence of this disease. Prostate cancer is stimulated by excess androgens, especially in the early stages, and orthodox therapies use treatments that suppress testosterone production. Theoretically, the use of herbs that inhibit the production of DHT and prolactin may reduce the risk of prostatic cancer and/or slow its growth. Dr. William Mitchell, N.D., a remarkable practitioner, teacher, and researcher, has stated that he believes... 

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